Language and Education in Africa under Mission and Colonial Influence

Albaugh, Ericka A.

doi:10.1017/cbo9781107323735.003

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“…Although this dataset does not directly measure the number of vernaculars used in primary education, we could usually decipher the number of educational vernaculars based on the index score, with Botswana, Lesotho, Sierra Leone, and Tanzania being the exceptions. For these cases, we used Albaugh (2005) to score the variable. For the remainder of British and French colonies, we gathered evidence from a variety of primary and secondary sources to identify the languages used in primary schools run by government at or shortly before independence.…”

Section: Coding Of Communal Legislative Representation and Vernacular...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The colonial origins of ethnic warfare: Re-examining the impact of communalizing colonial policies in the British and French Empires

Lange

Jeong

Amasyalı

2021

International Journal of Comparative Sociology

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Communalizing colonial policies (CCPs) include a variety of practices that recognize and institutionalize communal difference among colonized populations, and several qualitative analyses find that they promoted postcolonial ethnic conflict. In contrast, the few quantitative analyses that explore this issue focus on several mechanisms, make conflicting claims, and provide mixed results, thereby suggesting that CCPs do not have general effects. Yet the quantitative findings might be inaccurate for several reasons: Some use the identity of the colonizer as a proxy for CCPs, others measure a CCP but have small samples with limited variation in the focal independent variable, and all of these analyses are unable to explore whether CCPs affect ethnic conflict through different and competing mechanisms. To address these limitations, we create four ideal types of CCPs, gather data on a CCP that conforms to each ideal type, and test the relationships between CCPs and ethnic civil warfare onset using the set of former British and French colonies. We find that a discriminatory CCP is associated with high odds of ethnic civil war onset, especially shortly after independence. Alternatively, differentiating and accommodating CCPs lack general relationships with ethnic civil war onset, and an empowering CCP is negatively related to ethnic warfare in most models.

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Section: Coding Of Communal Legislative Representation and Vernacular...mentioning

confidence: 99%