could perhaps add, on a personal note, that I have been struggling with these issues for nearly 40 years now, off and on. Having embarked on a linguistics PhD at the University of Cambridge in 1976, initially on a Chomskyan topic, my own political allegiances led me to search out Marxist thinking on language which I found in Vygotsky's Thought and Language (Vygotsky, 1962), in the tantalising eighth chapter of Ilyenkov's Dialectical Logic (Ilyenkov, 1977a), and in Voloshinov's Marxism and the Philosophy of Language (Voloshinov, 1973). And so, with the kind support of my doctoral supervisor, Terence Moore, I changed topic mid-stream. I was awarded my PhD in 1982 for a dissertation entitled 'Materialism and the Structure of Language' which, for its doctrinaire and mechanistic 'Marxism', makes excruciating, though salutary, reading today.