Language activism and language policy

Domain loss theory revisited: From multinational corporations to multicorporate nations

“…level (Fishman, 2006: 324). Language planning activities may of course occur at different levels, including the meso level (Spolsky, 2009 for example discusses language management in a variety of meso-level domains), and actors at the micro or meso level may also influence language planning decisions at the macro level (see e.g., Combs & Penfield, 2012, for a discussion of language activism). Still, the co-occurrence of different types of language planning (status, corpus, acquisition) at different levels (micro, meso, macro) is rarely discussed explicitly.…”

“…Recall how Cooper (1989: 120) describes language acquisition as a way of supplying the language skills that status planning activities “demand.” In most cases, status, corpus and acquisition planning are seen as three interrelated language planning factors occurring at the same level, most often at the national (macro) level (Fishman, 2006: 324). Language planning activities may of course occur at different levels, including the meso level (Spolsky, 2009 for example discusses language management in a variety of meso‐level domains), and actors at the micro or meso level may also influence language planning decisions at the macro level (see e.g., Combs & Penfield, 2012, for a discussion of language activism). Still, the co‐occurrence of different types of language planning (status, corpus, acquisition) at different levels (micro, meso, macro) is rarely discussed explicitly.…”

Language Activism in Russia: Prerequisites and Forms of Existence

“…"Language activism manifests differently at different times in different contexts" [Combs & Penfield, 2012]. In the context of the Russian Federation, in which language activism began to manifest itself relatively re-cently, the Internet played an important role in its formation.…”

“…Activism as a separate notion is mainly defined as a series of vigorous actions aimed at achieving a certain goal by a group of individuals. It is often treated controversially due to its oppositional spirit, because in fact "it manifests as confrontational activity that directly challenges the order of things" [Combs, Penfield, 2012]. With reference to language policy language activ-ism implies a set of actions, as a rule, oriented towards the languages that are not supported de jure or are not efficiently supported de facto to maintain their functioning in various areas of communication.…”

“Stealing from the language”: interest convergence and teachers’ advocacy for language-inclusive practices

“…Fortunately, many educators have long fought against these restrictions on language use and sought to implement more language-inclusive practices. This activism has created opportunities in many times and places for students to use indigenous Native American languages, Spanish, African American English and other varieties (for discussion of some of these efforts, see Combs and Penfield, 2012;Smitherman, 1995). Today, scholars such as Baker- Bell (2013), Godley and Reaser (2018) and Metz (2021) argue in favor of critical language pedagogy (CLP), a language-inclusive approach to education grounded in critical language awareness (Alim, 2005;Fairclough, 1992).…”