Langmuir probe measurement of electron temperature in a supersonic jet extracted from an inductively coupled plasma

Effects of the sampling interface in MC-ICP-MS: Relative elemental sensitivities and non-linear mass dependent fractionation of Nd isotopes

“…2,24,25 These effects are associated with changing the impedance of the sample cone sheath. A number of studies have also investigated the potential associated with the micro-plasma observed immediately behind the sample and skimmer cones and in the supersonic expansion, [26][27][28][29] which was observed to vary in a similar manner to the ICP potential, with respect to the plasma operating conditions.…”

Modeling the gas flow upstream and in the sampling nozzle of the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer via the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo algorithm

“…The dynamics of this flow was first described theoretically by Douglas and French [1] and many authors since have referred to their work [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. The fluid dynamics of this process are rather complicated, involving a transition to supersonic flow in the nozzle and an expansion beyond the nozzle to densities low enough to invalidate the Navier-Stokes description of gas dynamics.…”

Non-LTE Argon-plasma Composition

“…The best agreement is obtained with the experimental results of Nick et al [17], Snyder et al [18], de Regt et al [19] and Reiche et al [20], which are between the calculated curves of the electron number density. The results of Lim and Houk [21], Huang et al [22], Snyder et al [23], Zhu et al [24] and Snyder et al [25] are below the curve for T e /T h = 1 due to the interactions of the plasma with its surrounding, which decrease the measured electron number density by up to four orders of magnitude. This decrease is caused by the recombination of electrons on the container walls, gas flow and ambipolar diffusion, which are not considered in the Saha equation.…”

“…These phenomena significantly affect the electron number densities for small plasma diameters at electron temperatures above 9,000 K. For electron temperatures from 4,000 to 9,000 K, the measured values of Goode et al [26], Snyder et al [18], Huang et al [27,28], and Aguilera and Aragon [29] are up to one order of magnitude higher al. [28], × Lim and Houk [21], + Snyder et al [18], t Snyder et al [23], 3 de Regt et al [19], --this work at Te/T h = 1 and 10.…”