Langmuir films of fullerene C60, fullerene epoxide C60O, and dihydrofulleroid C61H2

Maliszewskyj, Nicholas C.; Heiney, Paul A.; Jones, David R.; Strongin, Robert M.; Cichy, Maria A.; Smith, Amos B.

doi:10.1021/la00030a001

Cited by 92 publications

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“…The monolayer of C 60 EM was obtained by using the more diluted solution C. The limiting area was 125 Å 2 /molecule Figure 1(IC). This value is larger than that of C 60 O, 16 suggesting that the substituent group of C 60 EM occupied a certain area on the monolayers. A possible arrangement of the molecules at the air-water interface is shown in Scheme 2A.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

pH-Dependent Photoinduced Electron Transfer at C₆₀-EDTA Langmuir−Blodgett Film Modified ITO Electrode

et al. 1999

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The monolayer and multilayer films of an amphiphilic C 60 -EDTA (C 60 EA) and its tetramethyl ester (C 60 EM) were fabricated on semiconducting transparent ITO electrodes by the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique. The photoelectric response of the modified electrodes was measured under various conditions to explore possible mechanisms of the electron transfer in this light harvesting and conversion system. The action spectrum of photocurrent implicates the excited C 60 EA or C 60 EM as the photoactive species in the photoinduced electron transfer process. Anodic or cathodic photocurrent could be observed depending on the composition and concentration of redox agents in the solution and/or bias voltage applied. These results suggest that electron flow in either direction is energetically possible in the present photoelectric chemical cell. When the pH in the solution was changed, the photocurrent of C 60 EA changed not only in its magnitude but also in its direction. Efficient photoinduced electron transfer was observed in the anodic direction. The quantum yields for the photocurrent generation of C 60 EM and C 60 EA monolayer-ITO system are 4.80% and 3.80% under favorable conditions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

pH-Dependent Photoinduced Electron Transfer at C₆₀-EDTA Langmuir−Blodgett Film Modified ITO Electrode

et al. 1999

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“…Although Maliszewskyj et al 57 support Obeng and Bard, others 52,[58][59][60][61][62] found that the strong mutual attraction of the C 60 molecules caused them to cluster, thereby destabilizing the LM. Nevertheless, Vaknin and co-workers were able to demonstrate the utility of covalent modification of C 60 as a method for reducing the strong attractive interactions between clusters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

C 60 -propylamine adduct monolayers at the gas/water interface: A Brewster angle microscopy and x-ray scattering study

Fukuto

Penanen

Heilmann

et al. 1997

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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Brewster angle microscopy ͑BAM͒, x-ray specular reflectivity and grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction ͑GID͒ studies of C 60 -propylamine adduct monolayers at the gas/water interface as a function of molecular area are reported. At large molecular areas (AϾϳ150 Å 2 /molecule), BAM images reveal macroscopic heterogeneity in the film, consisting of the coexistence between regions covered with uniform solidlike monolayer and bare water surface. After compression to a limiting molecular area of 150 Å 2 /molecule, the film is observed to be homogeneous, with the uniform monolayer covering the entire available surface. Both the x-ray reflectivity results and the GID patterns are consistent with the formation of a uniform monolayer at Aϳ150 Å 2 /molecule, while the little dependence that the GID patterns have on the molecular area for AϾϳ150 Å 2 /molecule is consistent with the heterogeneity in the film. Upon further compression to higher densities (AϽϳ120 Å 2 /molecule), the x-ray reflectivity results suggest the formation of a partial layer either at the molecule/gas interface or at the molecule/water interface. In this high density regime, the shift in the observed GID pattern with molecular area is much smaller than would be expected if the film were to remain a homogeneous monolayer, also consistent with the formation of an inhomogeneous partial layer. The analysis of the broad GID pattern observed from a uniform monolayer in terms of a model 2D radial distribution function, implies a short range positional correlation, extending to only a few molecular distances. The average nearest neighbor distance (dϳ13 Å͒, extracted from the GID analysis, is consistent with the limiting molecular area (Aϳ150 Å 2 /molecule) assuming local hexagonal packing. These results together with the sharp facets observed in the BAM images demonstrate that the monolayer when uniform is a two-dimensional amorphous solid.

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“…In particular, we were not able to reach the monolayer limiting areas claimed [8][9][10][11][12][13] (C 60 , ∼96 Å 2 / molecule; C 70 , ∼160 Å 2 /molecule), but we observed multilayer formation before reaching those areas. In addition, we found that the condensed phases formed several structures when the film undergoes compression at relatively large speeds.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Direct Observation of Langmuir Films of C₆₀ and C₇₀ Using Brewster Angle Microscopy

1996

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The aim of this paper is to present a direct observation of Langmuir films made of C 60 and C 70 along the process of their compression at 298 K, using Brewster angle microscopy. We found coexisting a gas phase and a condensed phase at low area densities. Our results agree with the formation of multilayers even at low area densities (500-1000 Å 2 /molecule). We made compressions of the films at several speeds. Using dilute spreading solutions (∼1 × 10 -5 M) and slow compressions we obtained multilayers. With rapid compressions, we found that the condensed phase formed beautiful foamlike structures and circular domains of different sizes at very low area densities. The circular domains developed holes (gas bubbles). As the compression of the films proceeded, those domains did not coalesce easily. Instead, the films prefer to form multilayers. Using concentrated spreading solutions (>1 × 10 -4 M) and slow compressions, multilayers were formed just after the deposition of the sample.

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Langmuir films of fullerene C60, fullerene epoxide C60O, and dihydrofulleroid C61H2

Cited by 92 publications

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pH-Dependent Photoinduced Electron Transfer at C₆₀-EDTA Langmuir−Blodgett Film Modified ITO Electrode

pH-Dependent Photoinduced Electron Transfer at C₆₀-EDTA Langmuir−Blodgett Film Modified ITO Electrode

C 60 -propylamine adduct monolayers at the gas/water interface: A Brewster angle microscopy and x-ray scattering study

Direct Observation of Langmuir Films of C₆₀ and C₇₀ Using Brewster Angle Microscopy

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Langmuir films of fullerene C60, fullerene epoxide C60O, and dihydrofulleroid C61H2

Cited by 92 publications

References 0 publications

pH-Dependent Photoinduced Electron Transfer at C60-EDTA Langmuir−Blodgett Film Modified ITO Electrode

pH-Dependent Photoinduced Electron Transfer at C60-EDTA Langmuir−Blodgett Film Modified ITO Electrode

C 60 -propylamine adduct monolayers at the gas/water interface: A Brewster angle microscopy and x-ray scattering study

Direct Observation of Langmuir Films of C60 and C70 Using Brewster Angle Microscopy

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pH-Dependent Photoinduced Electron Transfer at C₆₀-EDTA Langmuir−Blodgett Film Modified ITO Electrode

pH-Dependent Photoinduced Electron Transfer at C₆₀-EDTA Langmuir−Blodgett Film Modified ITO Electrode

Direct Observation of Langmuir Films of C₆₀ and C₇₀ Using Brewster Angle Microscopy