Langmuir–Blodgett films of cellulose nanocrystals: Preparation and characterization

A Minireview of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Its Potential Integration as Co-Product in Bioethanol Production

“…The surface grafted sulfate groups, negatively charged, provide that the rod-like cellulose nanocrystals form stable layers at the air-water interface in the presence of a cationic amphiphilic molecule such as dioctadecyldimethylammonium. 29 The dispersion of tunicate (Styela clava) cellulose whiskers obtained from hydrolysis with sulfuric acid or with hydrochloric acid was evaluated in water, N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP). The presence of sulfate ester moieties on the whisker surfaces after hydrolysis with sulfuric acid was the determining factor in their dispersability in polar aprotic solvents.…”

Nanoscience and nanotechnologies for biobased materials, packaging and food applications: New opportunities and concerns

“…In the second step, after evaporating the dissolving solvent and compressing the molecules on the surface, the film is transferred from the liquid/air interface onto a solid surface by moving a solid substrate upward or downward through the surface while keeping the surface pressure constant by moving the barrier in an appropriate manner. This approach has been applied for instance in cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) thin film fabrication (Habibi, Foulon et al 2007) where negatively-charged, rod-like CNCs formed stable layers at the air-water interface in the presence of a cationic amphiphilic molecule. The layers formed can be efficiently transferred onto silicon wafers to afford well-structured surfaces with low roughness.…”

Cellulose Nano Whiskers as a Reinforcing Filler in Polyurethanes

“…Softwood (SW) kraft pulp (Revol et al, 1994;Araki et al, 1998;Araki et al, 1999;Pu et al, 2007), SW sulfite pulp (Beck-Candanedo et al, 2005), hardwood (HW) ECF (elemental chlorine free) pulp (Beck-Candanedo et al, 2005), recycle pulp (Filson et al, 2009), cotton fiber (Revol et al, 1994;Dong et al, 1996;Dong et al, 1998;Araki et al, 2000;Hasani et al, 2008;Cao et al, 2009;Pei et al, 2010;Tang & Weder, 2010;Wang et al, 2010), sisal fiber (de Rodriguez et al, 2006;Tang & Weder, 2010), flax fiber (Cao et al, 2007), ramie fiber (Habibi et al, 2007;Habibi & Dufresne, 2008;Zoppe et al, 2009), wheat straw (Helbert et al, 1996), bamboo residue , bacterial microfibrils (Grunert & Winter, 2002), grass fiber (Pandey et al, 2009), tunicate cellulose (Favier et al, 1995;Angles & Dufresne, 2000;Sturcova et al, 2005;Ljungberg et al, 2006;Habibi et al, 2007;Siqueira et al, 2010;Tang & Weder, 2010), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) Bondeson et al, 2006;Oksman et al, 2006;Bondeson & Oksman, 2007;Bai et al, 2009;Auad et al, 2010; have all been utilized as cellulose sources for whiskers. The most common preparation method employed is acid hydrolysis, including acid sulfuric and hydrochloric acid.…”

“…Sulfuric acid hydrolysis conditions and dimensions of tunicate cellulose nano whiskers (Favier et al, 1995;Angles & Dufresne, 2000;Ljungberg et al, 2006;Habibi et al, 2007).…”