Landward fining from multiple sources in a sand sheet deposited by the 1929 Grand Banks tsunami, Newfoundland

Moore, Adam D.; McAdoo, Brian G.; Ruffman, Alan

doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.01.012

Cited by 113 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…One way to study the historical tsunami is to examine the characteristics (e.g., grain size distribution) of the tsunami deposits onshore (Shi et al, 1995;Dawson et al, 1996;Gelfenbaum and Jaffe, 2003;Moore et al, 2007;Paris et al, 2007). When analyzing tsunami deposits, it is important to know the origin of the sediments in a core sample and to relate the tsunami deposits to the flooding and retreating process during a tsunami event.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Tsunami Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Relative to other tsunami behaviors, sediment transport is one of the poorest understood characteristics as it is almost impossible to conduct detailed real-time measurements during tsunami events. Understanding tsunami-induced sediment movement is also extremely important for tsunami geologists who have made significant effort to estimate the tsunami heights, flow depths and velocities by establishing qualitative relationships between tsunami deposits and tsunami hydrodynamic characteristics (Jaffe and Gelfenbuam, 2007;Moore et al, 2007;Morton et al, 2008;Spiske et al, 2010). The information derived by inverse modeling from paleo-tsunami deposits, can further help us understand tsunami sources and attendant tectonic character of a particular region in some detail (Bourgeois, 2009;Martin et al, 2008;Nelson et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Numerical experiment and a case study of sediment transport simulation of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Lhok Nga, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

2012

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There exists a high probability of a great earthquake rupture along the subduction megathrust under the Mentawai Islands of West Sumatra in the near future. Six rupture models were used to assess the tsunami inundation and the accompanying sediment movement in Painan, West Sumatra, Indonesia. According to a worst scenario, the potential tsunami might hit the coast of Painan about 26 minutes after the rupture and the entire city could be inundated with a maximum inundation depth of about 7 m. Severe erosion may also occur in the near-shore region. Two scenarios, one scenario with a positive leading wave and the other with a negative leading wave, were selected to simulate the tsunami-induced morphological changes. A positive leading wave would cause severe erosion in the shoreline area and a large sandbar in the offshore area adjacent to the shoreline; a small amount of sediment could be deposited in the city area; a negative leading wave could cause moderate erosion in the further offshore area due to the strong retreating wave front, an offshore sandbar could form in the bay area, while no noticeable large area of sand deposit could be found in the city area. The difference in the erosion and deposition patterns between these two scenarios provides very helpful information in the investigation of historical tsunamis through tsunami deposits.

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Section: Characteristics Of Tsunami Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical experiment and a case study of sediment transport simulation of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Lhok Nga, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

2012

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“…Extensive erosion, transportation of large volumes of marine sediments and subsequent deposition in coastal plains take place within a very short time during tsunami events. Field observations of tsunamigenic deposits have shown that they were generally characterized by presence of mafic mineral layers with landward fining of grain size and presence of shallow and/or deep sea fossils (Nishimura and Miyaji 1995;Shi et al 1995;Moore et al 2007;Paris et al 2007). Well-sorted sands within black organic muds found in coastal wetlands have also identified as tsunami sediment sequences (Minoura et al 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemistry of surface sediments in tsunami-affected Sri Lankan lagoons regarding environmental implications

Jayawardana

Ishiga

Pitawala

2011

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was one of the largest in human history, devastating the coastal wetlands of surrounding countries. This study present the chemical analyses of tsunamigenic and pretsunami sediments from Hikkaduwa and Hambantota lagoons in southern Sri Lanka, to assess their geochemical composition, their source, and subsequent environmental impacts. Principal component analysis of the tsunami sediments shows that 42% of the total variance is accounted for calcium oxide and Sr. That is, the tsunami deposits are rich in biogenic phases derived from shallow marine sediments. High organic matter contents of the tsunami sediments of up to 80 wt% also support this interpretation. The association of chlorine (\9.4 wt%), brome (\170 mg/kg), arsenic (\17 mg/kg), iron (III) oxide (\12.9 wt%) and sulfur (\7.6 wt%) accounts for 33% of the variance, reflecting higher salinity. This further suggests that the sediments were mainly derived from a marine environment, rather than from non-marine sands and/or soils. Immobile element contents and relations (thorium, scandium and zirconium) suggest that the tsunami sediment source was mostly felsic in composition, with some mafic component, and mixed with predominantly shallow marine shelf or slope sediments. Additional compositional variations in the tsunami sediments in both lagoons may be associated with variations of wave strength along the coast and by the morphology of the continental shelf. Lower elemental abundances in Hambantota lagoon sediments compared to Hikkaduwa equivalents may thus reflect a greater non-marine component in the former, and greater shelf sediment component in the latter.

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“…, Minoura et al, 1996;, 2000;Sawai, 2002;Nanayama et al, 2003;Moore et al, 2006;Hawkes et al, 2007;Hori et al, 2007;Moore et al, 2007;Paris et al, 2007;Choowong et al, 2008;Goto et al, 2008;Komatsubara et al, 2008;Nanayama, 2008;Nishimura, 2008;Morton et al, 2008;Fujino et al, 2010;Matsumoto et al, 2010;Chagué-Goff et al, 2011;Takashimizu et al, 2012Takashimizu et al, , , 1994Nanayama and Shigeno, 2006;Hori et al, 2007;Paris et al, 2007;Choowong et al, 2008;Fujino et al, 2008;Matsumoto et al, 2010;Takashimizu et al, 2012Takashimizu et al, , , 2004Moore et al, 2006;Fujino et al, 2008;Naruse et al, 2010;Takashimizu et al, 2012Takashimizu et al, , , 2000Choowong et al, 2008a, b;Goto et al, 2008;Nanayama et al, 2008;Takashimizu et al, 2012 2000 Fig. 2c; Moriwaki, 1982;, 1995;, 2004 1 m 500 m 100 m , Pierson and Costa, 1987;Mulder and Alexan-, Pierson and Costa, 1987;Mulder and AlexanPierson and Costa, 1987;Mulder and A...…”

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confidence: 99%

A tsunami depositional model in coastal lowland over sand dune: An example from the 17th century tsunami deposit in the eastern Iburi coast, central Hokkaido, northern Japan

Takashimizu

Nagai

Okamura

et al. 2013

Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan

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A tsunami depositional model in coastal lowland over sand dune: An example from the 17th century tsunami deposit in the eastern Iburi coast, central Hokkaido, northern Japan Abstract A reconstruction of a paleo-tsunami flow recorded on the eastern Iburi coast of Hokkaido, northern Japan, has been undertaken using sedimentological analysis. Here, distance from the coastline positively correlates with average sediment grain sizes (mean and median grain sizes expressed in phi scale) but inversely correlates with the standard deviation of grain-size and thickness of the tsunami deposit layer. Grain-fabric and grain-size data in this area indicate at least three tsunami inundation events, with grain-fabric data for tsunami deposits at survey site indicating that these deposits were formed by inflows with ENE paleo-flow directions. This evidence has enabled a depositional model of a tsunami flowing over coastal sand dunes to be formulated, with the first tsunami flow eroding surficial sediments and ripping up and carrying peat clasts. The majority of the tsunami-related water did not return to the sea; this return flow was prevented by a seaside beach ridge, leading to the formation of wide water bodies along the coast. In addition, repeated tsunami inflows did not cause intensive erosional effects at the bottom of these water bodies, with these bodies eventually disappearing due to underground seepage or evaporation.

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Landward fining from multiple sources in a sand sheet deposited by the 1929 Grand Banks tsunami, Newfoundland

Cited by 113 publications

References 22 publications

Numerical experiment and a case study of sediment transport simulation of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Lhok Nga, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Numerical experiment and a case study of sediment transport simulation of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Lhok Nga, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Geochemistry of surface sediments in tsunami-affected Sri Lankan lagoons regarding environmental implications

A tsunami depositional model in coastal lowland over sand dune: An example from the 17th century tsunami deposit in the eastern Iburi coast, central Hokkaido, northern Japan

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