Landslides and neotectonic activities in the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) zone: Southeastern Kumaun, Uttarakhand

Kothyari, Girish Ch; Pant, P. D.; Luirei, Khayingshing

doi:10.1007/s12594-012-0123-y

Cited by 29 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Uplift and incision of bedrock and formation of strath terraces, fill terraces, debris‐flow terraces, and fossil valleys associated with epigenetic gorges are the common morphotectonic features observed within the different thrust zones along the Kali River valley. The morphotectonic setting together with the earthquake activities suggests that the study area is tectonically active and the drainage patterns are a consequence of ongoing tectonic activity associated with the MCT, AT, BjT, BT, NAT, MBT, and HFT (Kothyari, ; Kothyari et al, ; Kothyari et al, ; Luirei et al, ; Pant et al, ). Furthermore, Mukul, Jaiswal, and Singhvi (); Wobus, Heimsath, Whipple, and Hodges (); and Wobus et al () believed that the hinterland thrusts are active ~30 km south of the MCT within the Lesser Himalaya, which is marked by the abrupt elevation changes.…”

Section: Combined Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further downstream, the Kali River flows across the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) zone. The steeply inclined thrust plane has brought Lesser Himalayan rocks upon the Cenozoic sedimentary terrain of the Outer Himalaya (Kothyari et al, ; Kothyari, Pant, Joshi, Luirei, & Malik, ; Valdiya, ). However, towards the Himalayan front, the river flows across the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), which defines the southern limit of the Himalaya against the Indo‐Gangetic Plains of Quaternary age.…”

Section: Generalized Geology and Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The eastern part of Kumaun Himalaya is one of the most seismically active segments (Kothyari & Luirei, ; Kothyari, Rastogi, Morthekai, & Dumka, ; Pathak, Pant, & Dharmwal, ; Paul et al, ). The major as well as minor thrusts and faults in eastern Kumaun are neotectonically quite active, and as such, their movements have made this region vulnerable to landslides (Kothyari, Pant, & Luirei, ; Luirei, ; Luirei, Pant, & Kothyari, ). The recent tectonic movements along these thrusts (MCT, Bering Thrust [BT], and North Almora Thrust [NAT]) and faults (Dharchula Fault, Gathibagar‐Kalika Fault, Rauntis Fault, Baram Fault, and Jhulaghat Fault) are easily identified in the geomorphic rejuvenation of the terrain, such as entrenched meandering, river courses characterized by deep gorges, unusual widening of the river valleys, formation of the palaeolakes, deflection of rivers, and offsetting of the river terraces (Valdiya, ; Valdiya & Kotlia, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of neotectonic variability along major Himalayan thrusts within the Kali River basin using geomorphic markers, Central Kumaun Himalaya, India

2019

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We have analysed the geomorphic signatures in aggregation with the geomorphic indices with respect to hinterland and foreland neotectonic variability across the major Himalayan thrust system along the Kali River valley of eastern Kumaun Himalaya. The valley floor morphology in the vicinity of the major thrust gave rise to the accommodation space for the aggradation of the recent fluvial sediments. For a longitudinal distance of 212 km between the South Tibet Detachment (STD)and Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), the valley has preserved significant aggradational landforms. These landforms have been physically examined to explain the spatial and temporal variability in phases of aggradation/incision in response to the tectonic activity during the late Quaternary. Fossil valleys and associated epigenetic gorges, cut-and-fill terraces with thick alluvial cover, debris-flow terraces, bedrock strath terraces, and alluvial fan terraces are the significant aggradational landforms observed within the valley. They provide signatures of tectonic activity and past climatic records. We have analysed various geomorphic indices, namely, stream-gradient index (SL), steepness index (Ks), hypsometric curve and index (HI), and asymmetric factor (AF) to map the spatial variability in tectonic processes across the major thrusts. The channel morphology (depth and width) of a river becomes adjusted in geological time because of long-term tectonic and erosional processes. However, the channel geometry and deviations can be highly adjustable in a tectonically disturbed mountainous region. The deviations along the river course can be attributed to active tectonic movement along thrusts/faults or because of erosion/sedimentation processes. We applied a novel method called the river Gradient Length Anomaly (GLA) for 37 subbasins of the Kali River to deduce active deformation (uplift/subsidence) corresponding to the increased sedimentation and erosional rates, both from the upstream and downstream parts of the thrusted blocks, from where river flows through. The results of basin-wise morphometric indices were corroborated with GLA anomaly and field observations, which suggests that the area has undergone active deformation between the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), which is attributed to the regional compression. The results of geomorphic and morphometric data are validated with the focal mechanisms of moderate earthquakes. The geomorphic analysis suggests that the hinterland part of eastern Kumaun is more active than the foreland region.

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Section: Combined Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Generalized Geology and Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of neotectonic variability along major Himalayan thrusts within the Kali River basin using geomorphic markers, Central Kumaun Himalaya, India

2019

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“…But the present authors are of the opinion that these are faults are merely bedding-parallel shears. Kothyari et al 10,11 interpreted active normal faults within the Quaternary fan as a result of subsurface active tectonics. The present authors do not agree with this interpretation, as a matter of fact, in the subsurface region of the MBT zone there must be compressional tectonics that formed the thrust faults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The top of footwall of the MBT has uplifted with a faster rate than its hanging wall 9 . Later on the basis of tectonic geomorphological study across the MBT in Logar and surrounding areas, the development of normal faults offsetting the surface of the Quaternary colluvial fan has been interpreted to be due to subsurface active tectonics 10,11 . In the surrounding area of Logar, including along the mountain front, the Quaternary normal faulting event took place after 17 Ka (ref.…”

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Normal Faults near the Top of Footwall of Ramgarh Thrust along Kosi River Valley, Kumaun Lesser Himalaya

Bhakuni¹,

Luirei²

2016

Current Science

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Conjugate sets of normal faults formed in the Quaternary fan sediments lying near the top of footwall rocks of the Ramgarh Thrust are analysed. These faults are recognized on left hillslope of Kosi River valley, Kumaun Lesser Himalaya. The Ramgarh Thrust marks the mountain front of the uplifted Central Crystallines, which have been under thrust along the Ramgarh Thrust by its footwall of the Nagthat Formation belonging to the Lesser Himalayan Sequence. The existence of a regional-scale footwall anticlinal structure along the Kosi River suggests that the compressional stress regime is active in the subsurface region related to the Himalayan thrust tectonics. Analysis of structural data reveals that the normal faults have been formed by pure shear due to gravity. The WNW-ESE trending normal faults are recognized within the Quaternary fan deposit and also at the top of the country rocks just below and adjacent to the fan deposit. Therefore, it is interpreted that the deformation related to N-S extensional tectonics has taken place at the uppermost crustal level due to gravity, where influence of the Himalayan subsurface compressional tectonics is no more significant.

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Gullies and badlands of India: Genesis, geomorphology and land management

Majhi

Harris

Evans

et al. 2023

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Landslides and neotectonic activities in the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) zone: Southeastern Kumaun, Uttarakhand

Cited by 29 publications

References 16 publications

Evaluation of neotectonic variability along major Himalayan thrusts within the Kali River basin using geomorphic markers, Central Kumaun Himalaya, India

Evaluation of neotectonic variability along major Himalayan thrusts within the Kali River basin using geomorphic markers, Central Kumaun Himalaya, India

Normal Faults near the Top of Footwall of Ramgarh Thrust along Kosi River Valley, Kumaun Lesser Himalaya

Gullies and badlands of India: Genesis, geomorphology and land management

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