Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Using Integrated Deep Learning Algorithm along the China-Nepal Highway

Xiao, Liming; Zhang, Yonghong; Peng, Gongzhuang

doi:10.3390/s18124436

Cited by 112 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Along with the development of information technologies, remote sensing and the geographic information system (GIS) have gradually become data sources and spatial analysis platforms for LSP [6,7]. Based on remote sensing and GIS, many mathematical models have been proposed to calculate landslide susceptibility indices (LSI), such as the analytic hierarchy process [8][9][10], weight evidence method [11], information value (IV) theory [5,12], frequency ratio (FR) method [13,14], logistic regression model [7,15,16], logistic tree model [17], random tree [18,19], boosted tree [20], multi-criteria evaluation model [21], artificial neural networks (ANNs) [22][23][24], support vector machine (SVM) [25][26][27], and neuro-fuzzy method [28]. Although many models have been proposed for LSP, there is no model that is universally accepted and there is much room for improvement for these models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landslide Susceptibility Prediction Using Particle-Swarm-Optimized Multilayer Perceptron: Comparisons with Multilayer-Perceptron-Only, BP Neural Network, and Information Value Models

Huang

Yan

et al. 2019

Applied Sciences

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Landslides are one type of serious geological hazard which cause immense losses of local life and property. Landslide susceptibility prediction (LSP) can be used to determine the spatial probability of landslide occurrence in a certain area. It is important to implement LSP for landslide hazard prevention and reduction. This study developed a particle-swarm-optimized multilayer perceptron (PSO-MLP) model for LSP implementation to overcome the drawbacks of the conventional gradient descent algorithm and to determine the optimal structural parameters of MLP. Shicheng County in Jiangxi Province of China was used as the study area. In total, 369 landslides, randomly selected non-landslides, and 14 landslide-related predisposing factors were used to train and test the present PSO-MLP model and three other comparative models (an MLP-only model with the gradient descent algorithm, a back-propagation neural network (BPNN), and an information value (IV) model). The results showed that the PSO-MLP model had the most accurate prediction performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.822 and frequency ratio (FR) accuracy of 0.856) compared with the MLP-only (0.791 and 0.829), BPNN (0.800 and 0.840), and IV (0.788 and 0.824) models. It can be concluded that the proposed PSO-MLP model addresses the drawbacks of the MLP-only model well and performs better than conventional artificial neural networks (ANNs) and statistical models. The spatial probability distribution law of landslide occurrence in Shicheng County was well revealed by the landslide susceptibility map produced using the PSO-MLP model. Furthermore, the present PSO-MLP model may have higher prediction and classification performances in some other fields compared with conventional ANNs and statistical models.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landslide Susceptibility Prediction Using Particle-Swarm-Optimized Multilayer Perceptron: Comparisons with Multilayer-Perceptron-Only, BP Neural Network, and Information Value Models

Huang

Yan

et al. 2019

Applied Sciences

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“…At the same time, the impact of over-fitting on model prediction accuracy can be eliminated by using a considerable number of iterations. Moreover, as advanced data mining models, deep learning algorithms have been widely used in various fields, such as image recognition [44], face recognition [45], medical artificial intelligence [46], natural hazards mapping [47], etc. Due to their strong capability of feature extraction, it is necessary to apply deep learning methods to predict the landslide susceptibility in the study area [48].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landslide Susceptibility Prediction Modeling Based on Remote Sensing and a Novel Deep Learning Algorithm of a Cascade-Parallel Recurrent Neural Network

Zhu

Huang

Fan

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Landslide susceptibility prediction (LSP) modeling is an important and challenging problem. Landslide features are generally uncorrelated or nonlinearly correlated, resulting in limited LSP performance when leveraging conventional machine learning models. In this study, a deep-learning-based model using the long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network and conditional random field (CRF) in cascade-parallel form was proposed for making LSPs based on remote sensing (RS) images and a geographic information system (GIS). The RS images are the main data sources of landslide-related environmental factors, and a GIS is used to analyze, store, and display spatial big data. The cascade-parallel LSTM-CRF consists of frequency ratio values of environmental factors in the input layers, cascade-parallel LSTM for feature extraction in the hidden layers, and cascade-parallel full connection for classification and CRF for landslide/non-landslide state modeling in the output layers. The cascade-parallel form of LSTM can extract features from different layers and merge them into concrete features. The CRF is used to calculate the energy relationship between two grid points, and the extracted features are further smoothed and optimized. As a case study, the cascade-parallel LSTM-CRF was applied to Shicheng County of Jiangxi Province in China. A total of 2709 landslide grid cells were recorded and 2709 non-landslide grid cells were randomly selected from the study area. The results show that, compared with existing main traditional machine learning algorithms, such as multilayer perception, logistic regression, and decision tree, the proposed cascade-parallel LSTM-CRF had a higher landslide prediction rate (positive predictive rate: 72.44%, negative predictive rate: 80%, total predictive rate: 75.67%). In conclusion, the proposed cascade-parallel LSTM-CRF is a novel data-driven deep learning model that overcomes the limitations of traditional machine learning algorithms and achieves promising results for making LSPs.

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“…Deep learning also can effectively avoid local optimization and eliminates the need to set model parameters because of autonomous processes (Zhang et al 2017). At the moment, the core techniques of deep learning are neural networks that have two or more hidden layers, including the following techniques: the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (Park et al 2012); recurrent neural networks (Chen et al 2015); deep belief networks (Huang and Xiang 2018); long short-term memory (Xiao et al 2018;Yang et al 2019); and convolutional neural networks (Wang et al 2019). Deep learning-based autoencoder is a semi-unsupervised learning method with no prior knowledge, such as landslide inventory, which means that landslide and non-landslide labels and linear and non-linear correlation assumptions are not needed (Huang et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An extreme rainfall-induced landslide susceptibility assessment using autoencoder combined with random forest in Shimane Prefecture, Japan

Nam

Wang

2020

Geoenviron Disasters

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Background: Landslide-affecting factors are uncorrelated or non-linearly correlated, limiting the predictive performance of traditional machine learning methods for landslide susceptibility assessment. Deep learning methods can take advantage of the high-level representation and reconstruction of information from landslide-affecting factors. In this paper, a novel deep learning-based algorithm that combine classifiers of both deep learning and machine learning is proposed for landslide susceptibility assessment. A stacked autoencoder (StAE) and a sparse autoencoder (SpAE) both consist of an input layer for raw data, hidden layer for feature extraction, and output layer for classification and prediction. As a study case, Oda City and Gotsu City in Shimane Prefecture, southwestern Japan, were used for susceptibility assessment and prediction of landslides triggered by extreme rainfall. Results: The prediction performance was compared by analyzing real landslide and non-landslide data. The prediction performance of random forest (RF) was evaluated as better than that of a support vector machine (SVM) in traditional machine learning, so RF was combined with both StAE and SpAE. The results show that the prediction ratio of the combined classifiers was 93.2% for StAE combined with RF model and 92.5% for SpAE combined with RF model, which were higher than those of the SVM (87.4%), RF (89.7%), StAE (84.2%), and SpAE (88.2%). Conclusions: This study provides an example of combined classifiers giving a better predictive ratio than a single classifier. The asymmetric and unsupervised autoencoder combined with RF can exploit optimal non-linear features from landslide-affecting factors successfully, outperforms some conventional machine learning methods, and is promising for landslide susceptibility assessment.

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Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Using Integrated Deep Learning Algorithm along the China-Nepal Highway

Cited by 112 publications

References 33 publications

Landslide Susceptibility Prediction Using Particle-Swarm-Optimized Multilayer Perceptron: Comparisons with Multilayer-Perceptron-Only, BP Neural Network, and Information Value Models

Landslide Susceptibility Prediction Using Particle-Swarm-Optimized Multilayer Perceptron: Comparisons with Multilayer-Perceptron-Only, BP Neural Network, and Information Value Models

Landslide Susceptibility Prediction Modeling Based on Remote Sensing and a Novel Deep Learning Algorithm of a Cascade-Parallel Recurrent Neural Network

An extreme rainfall-induced landslide susceptibility assessment using autoencoder combined with random forest in Shimane Prefecture, Japan

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