“…Nowadays, with the development of high-speed computers, various machine learning models have been widely used in landslide displacement prediction, and many breakthroughs have been achieved. At present, the commonly used models for the displacement prediction include Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) (Chen and Zeng, 2013;Fu et al, 2021;Zhang et al, 2021), Support Vector Regression (SVR) (Liu et al, 2020;Dong et al, 2021), Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) , Evaluating Machine Learning (EML) (Goetz et al, 2015), Kernel Extreme Learning Machine (KELM) (Zhou et al, 2018;Li et al, 2021), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) (Xu et al, 2018;Yang et al, 2019), and so on. And many algorithms are used to optimize parameters for the prediction models, including Genetic Algorithm (GA) (Li and Kong, 2014), Grid Search algorithm (GS) (Miao et al, 2018b), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) (Zhou et al, 2016), Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) (Guo et al, 2019), Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm (FOA) (Wang et al, 2019), and so on.…”