Landslide detection and inventory updating using the time-series InSAR approach along the Karakoram Highway, Northern Pakistan

Karakoram Highway (KKH) is an international route connecting South Asia with Central Asia and China that holds socio-economic and strategic significance. However, KKH has extreme geological conditions that make it prone and vulnerable to natural disasters, primarily landslides, posing a threat to its routine activities. In this context, the study provides an updated inventory of landslides in the area with precisely measured slope deformation (Vslope), utilizing the SBAS-InSAR (small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar) and PS-InSAR (persistent scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture radar) technology. By processing Sentinel-1 data from June 2021 to June 2023, utilizing the InSAR technique, a total of 571 landslides were identified and classified based on government reports and field investigations. A total of 24 new prospective landslides were identified, and some existing landslides were redefined. This updated landslide inventory was then utilized to create a landslide susceptibility model, which investigated the link between landslide occurrences and the causal variables. Deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) models, including convolutional neural networks (CNN 2D), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), are employed. The inventory was split into 70% for training and 30% for testing the models, and fifteen landslide causative factors were used for the susceptibility mapping. To compare the accuracy of the models, the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was used. The CNN 2D technique demonstrated superior performance in creating the landslide susceptibility map (LSM) for KKH. The enhanced LSM provides a prospective modeling approach for hazard prevention and serves as a conceptual reference for routine management of the KKH for risk assessment and mitigation.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep Learning and Machine Learning Models for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping with Remote Sensing Data

Hussain,

Chen,

Zheng

et al. 2023

“…Moreover, these maps quantify the limits of mass movements, determine statistical indexes for the frequency and spatial distribution of failures of a slope, and regress the consequences of particular landslide-triggering events, i.e., intense rainfall, rapid snowmelt, seismic activity, etc. [46] In this research, a landslide inventory was established utilizing visual image categorization techniques while employing SPOT-5 images. Additionally, field verification was conducted for the confirmation of identified landslides, and necessary adjustments were made.…”

Section: Landslide Inventorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Machine Learning Ensembles for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Northern Pakistan

Ali,

Chen,

et al. 2024

Natural disasters, notably landslides, pose significant threats to communities and infrastructure. Landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) has been globally deemed as an effective tool to mitigate such threats. In this regard, this study considers the northern region of Pakistan, which is primarily susceptible to landslides amid rugged topography, frequent seismic events, and seasonal rainfall, to carry out LSM. To achieve this goal, this study pioneered the fusion of baseline models (logistic regression (LR), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), and support vector machine (SVM)) with ensembled algorithms (Cascade Generalization (CG), random forest (RF), Light Gradient-Boosting Machine (LightGBM), AdaBoost, Dagging, and XGBoost). With a dataset comprising 228 landslide inventory maps, this study employed a random forest classifier and a correlation-based feature selection (CFS) approach to identify the twelve most significant parameters instigating landslides. The evaluated parameters included slope angle, elevation, aspect, geological features, and proximity to faults, roads, and streams, and slope was revealed as the primary factor influencing landslide distribution, followed by aspect and rainfall with a minute margin. The models, validated with an AUC of 0.784, ACC of 0.912, and K of 0.394 for logistic regression (LR), as well as an AUC of 0.907, ACC of 0.927, and K of 0.620 for XGBoost, highlight the practical effectiveness and potency of LSM. The results revealed the superior performance of LR among the baseline models and XGBoost among the ensembles, which contributed to the development of precise LSM for the study area. LSM may serve as a valuable tool for guiding precise risk-mitigation strategies and policies in geohazard-prone regions at national and global scales.

“…Nava et al [37] identified landslides using attention U-Net and SAR data. Hussain et al [38] utilized InSAR time series for landslide detection and inventory update. Sentinel-1 data and InSAR technology were utilized by Dai et al [39] to detect active landslides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic Detection of Forested Landslides: A Case Study in Jiuzhaigou County, China

Tang

et al. 2023

Landslide detection and distribution mapping are essential components of geohazard prevention. For the extremely difficult problem of automatic forested landslide detection, airborne remote sensing technologies, such as LiDAR and optical cameras, can obtain more accurate landslide monitoring data. In practice, however, airborne LiDAR data and optical images are treated independently. The complementary information of the remote sensing data from multiple sources has not been thoroughly investigated. To address this deficiency, we investigate how to use LiDAR data and optical images together to develop an automatic detection model for forested landslide detection. First, a new dataset for detecting forested landslides in the Jiuzhaigou earthquake region is compiled. LiDAR-derived DEM and hillshade maps are used to mitigate the influence of forest cover on the detection of forested landslides. Second, a new deep learning model called DemDet is proposed for the automatic detection of forested landslides. In the feature extraction component of DemDet, a self-supervised learning module is proposed for extracting geometric features from LiDAR-derived DEM. Additionally, a transformer-based deep neural network is proposed for identifying landslides from hillshade maps and optical images. In the data fusion component of DemDet, an attention-based neural network is proposed to combine DEM, hillshade, and optical images. DemDet is able to extract key features from hillshade images, optical images, and DEM, as demonstrated by experimental results on the proposed dataset. In comparison to ResUNet, LandsNet, HRNet, MLP, and SegFormer, DemDet obtains the highest mean accuracy, mIoU, and F1 values, namely 0.95, 0.67, and 0.777. DemDet is therefore capable of autonomously identifying the forest-covered landslides in the Jiuzhaigou earthquake zone. The results of landslide detection mapping reveal that slopes along roads and seismogenic faults are the most crucial areas requiring geohazard prevention.