Landscape maturity, fold growth sequence and structural style in the Kirkuk Embayment of the Zagros, northern Iraq

Obaid, Ahmed K.; Allen, Mark B.

doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2017.07.006

Cited by 23 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…the foreland-ward propagation of the deformation was also out-of-sequence in this part of the High Folded Zone. This has also been noted in the Foothill Zone based on thermochronological dating (Koshnaw et al, 2017) and landscape maturity (Obaid and Allen, 2017). Thus, the most plausible scenario is that deformation in the Harir segment started sometime after that in Akre segment (200 kyr according to our landscape evolution modelling).…”

Section: Structural Style and Regional Tectonicssupporting

confidence: 75%

“…The geomorphic indices for this study were calculated from the 12 m resolution TanDEM-X DEM (Krieger et. al., 2007) obtained from the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the 30 m resolution SRTM1 DEM (NASA JPL, 2013); these two inputs were used since different DEM inputs give slightly different geomorphic results (Andreani et al, 2014;Koukouvelas et al, 2018;Obaid and Allen, 2017). Geomorphic indices were calculated using both the TanDEM-X and the SRTM1 data.…”

Section: Digital Elevation Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Harir Anticline has a broad crest and has been incised by narrow valleys. This makes the mean elevation within the moving window in the calculation close to the maximum elevation and, thus, causes higher values of the The geomorphic indices vary depending on the resolution of the DEM and the size of the moving window (Andreani et al, 2014;Obaid and Allen, 2017). Andreani et al (2014) found that the DEM resolution does not affect the hypsometric integral, but it affects the surface roughness, while the size of the moving window affects both hypsometric integral and surface roughness.…”

Section: Geomorphic Indices 20mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zebari and Burberry (2015) performed detailed analyses 30 of various geomorphic indices for numerous anticlines in the High Folded Zone, concluding that the combination of clearly asymmetric drainage patterns and the mountain front sinuosity index (Bull, 2007;Keller et al, 1999) is a valuable tool for identifying putatively active fault-related folds. Obaid and Allen (2017) studied the landscape maturity of various anticlines Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org /10.5194/se-2018-124 Manuscript under review for journal Solid Earth Discussion started: 28 November 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relative Timing of Uplift along the Zagros Mountain Front Flexure Constrained by Geomorphic Indices and Landscape Modelling, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Zebari

Grützner

Navabpour

et al. 2018

Preprint

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The Mountain Front Flexure marks a dominant topographic step in the frontal part of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt. It is characterized by numerous active anticlines atop of an underlying basement fault. So far, little is known about the relative activity of the anticlines, about their evolution, and about how crustal deformation migrates over time. We assessed the relative 10 landscape maturity of three along-strike anticlines (from SE to NW: Harir, Perat, and Akre) located on the hanging wall of the Mountain Front Flexure in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq to identify the most active structures and to get insights into the evolution of the fault and thrust belt. Landscape maturity was evaluated using geomorphic indices such as hypsometric curves, hypsometric integral, surface roughness, and surface index. Subsequently, numerical landscape evolution models were run to estimate the relative time difference between the onset of growth of the three anticlines, using the present-day topography of 15 the Harir Anticline as a base model. A stream power equation was used to introduce fluvial erosion, and a hillslope diffusion equation was applied to account for colluvial sediment transport. For different time steps of model evolution, we calculated the geomorphic indices generated from the base model. While Akre Anticline shows deeply incised valleys and advanced erosion, Harir and Perat anticlines have relatively smoother surfaces and are supposedly younger than the Akre Anticline. The landscape maturity level decreases from NW to SE. A comparison of the geomorphic indices of the model output to those of 20 the present-day Akre Anticline topography revealed that it would take the Harir Anticline 70±10 kyr and 200±20 kyr to reach the maturity level of the Perat and Akre anticlines, respectively, assuming constant erosion and rock uplift rates along the three anticlines. Since the factors controlling geomorphology (lithology, structural setting and climate) are similar for all three anticlines, and under the assumption of constant growth and erosion rates, we infer that uplift of the Akre Anticline started 200±20 kyr before that of the Harir Anticline, with the Perat Anticline showing an intermediate age. A NW-ward propagation 25of the Harir Anticline itself implies that the uplift has been independent within different segments rather than being continuous from NW to SE. Our method of estimating the relative age difference can be applied to many other anticlines in the Mountain Front Flexure region to construct a model of temporal evolution of this belt. Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.

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Section: Structural Style and Regional Tectonicssupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Digital Elevation Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geomorphic Indices 20mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relative Timing of Uplift along the Zagros Mountain Front Flexure Constrained by Geomorphic Indices and Landscape Modelling, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Zebari

Grützner

Navabpour

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…According to Foad [53], the study area is located within the Unstable Shelf, which is a part of the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt. This belt is approximately 2000 km long, extending from southeast Turkey through Iraq to southern Iran [55][56][57][58][59][60]. The unstable shelf includes the Imbricated Zone (IZ) and the High Folded Zone (HFZ).…”

Section: Geological Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

GIS-based modeling for selection of dam sites in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Othman¹,

Maamar²,

Ali³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Iraq, a country in the Middle East, has suffered severe drought events in the past two decades due to a significant decrease in annual precipitation. Water storage by building dams can mitigate drought impacts and assure water supply. This study was designed to identify suitable sites to build new dams within the Al-Khabur River Basin (KhRB). Both the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the weighted sum method (WSM) were used and compared to select suitable dam sites. A total of 14 layers were used as input dataset (i.e., lithology, tectonic zones, distance to active faults, distance to lineaments, soil type, land cover, hypsometry, slope gradient, average precipitation, stream width, Curve Number Grid, distance to major roads, distance to towns and cities, and distance to villages). Landsat-8/Operational Land Imager (OLI) and QuickBird optical images were used in the study. Three types of accuracies were tested: overall, suitable pixels by number, and suitable pixels by weight. Based on these criteria, we determined that 11 sites are suitable for locating dams for runoff harvesting. Results were compared to the location of 21 preselected dams proposed by the Ministry of Agricultural and Water Resources (MAWR). Three of these dam sites coincide with those proposed by the MAWR. The overall accuracies of the 11 dams ranged between 76.2% and 91.8%. The two most suitable dam sites are located in the center of the study area, with favorable geology, adequate storage capacity, and in close proximity to the population centers. Of the two selection methods, the AHP method performed better as its overall accuracy is greater than that of the WSM. We argue that when stream discharge data are not available, use of high spatial resolution QuickBird imageries to determine stream width for discharge estimation is acceptable and can be used for preliminary dam site selection. The study offers a valuable and relatively inexpensive tool to decision-makers for eliminating sites having severe limitations (less suitable sites) and focusing on those with the least restriction (more suitable sites) for dam construction.

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