Landscape Changes in Protected Areas in Poland

Abstract

Land-Use Cover Changes (LUCCs) are one of the main problems for the preservation of landscapes and natural biodiversity. Protected Areas (PAs) do not escape this threat. Poland is among the European leaders in terms of the variety of landscapes and the share of an area designated as a protected area. However, as many as 78% of the habitats have poor or bad conservation status based on EEA reports. This article analyzes the LUCCs between 2000 and 2018 in various types of the Polish legal forms of nature protection areas and the European Natura 2000 network within the country. The research material was: the data of Corine Land Cover (CLC), the Central Register of Nature Protection Forms, and high-resolution layers, such as HRL and orthophotos. The results were compiled according to the CLC class and forms of protection. The matrix of transformations showed that the most frequently transformed CLC class was 312 (coniferous forest). It was transformed into class 324 (transitional woodland shrubs). The changes in PAs were usually smaller than in the surrounding buffer zones, which may indicate their effectiveness. The exception was the areas of the European Natura 2000 network. The scale of land-cover flows (LCFs) changed within particular forms of protected areas, though afforestation and deforestation predominating in all area types. National reserves and parks were the most stable in terms of land cover structures. However, human settlements increased around the protected areas, potentially increasing threats to their ecological integrity.

Temporal changes in Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) and local climate in the Krueng Peusangan Watershed (KPW) area, Aceh, Indonesia

“…The overall increase in the 2009-2019 decade was more rapid than in 1999-2009. The increase in population and their activities is still the main factor in increasing the builtup area (Łowicki, 2008;Lix et al, 2013;Zbierska, 2022). Our results are consistent with studies that have been conducted (Estoque et al, 2018;Achmad et al, 2019).…”

“…In contrast, built-up areas and agriculture are experiencing a rapid increase. Continuous conversion of forest cover will reduce the services of environmental ecosystems that are critical to the sustainability of human life and nature (Indarto & Hakim, 2021;Zbierska, 2022). These LULC changes are dynamic and non-linear, which can be seen based on the changes that occur in each decade.…”

A Study on the Advancement of Spatial Maps and the Improvement of the Legal System as a Key Tool for Sustainable National Landscape Planning: Case Study of South Korea

“…First of all, many countries are accelerating landscape-friendly land management by incorporating many basic studies on landscape, landscape ecology, and landscape planning into the national space plan [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Moreover, landscape research has been actively conducted in various aspects, such as research for preserving landscape and biodiversity based on land-use cover change [15][16][17][18], the evaluation of ecosystem services through conservation of landscape resources [19], construction of green networks based on the arrangement, shape, and size of green spaces [20], research on biological diversity [21][22][23], landscape structure analyzed by combining patch, corridor, and matrix [24], landscape ecological mechanisms and green networks [25], and landscape analysis based on GIS [26]. In addition, it can be classified into landscape plans in the national space plan [27][28][29][30][31][32].…”

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“…Over time, the methods of analyzing STCs have evolved from the application of analog photographs to modern geospatial technologies (eng. geospatial technology -GST) (Zbierska, 2022). Namely, today the monitoring STCs in LU/LC models and derivation of simulation models are unthinkable without the application of one of the three main components of GST (Bhandari et al 2021).…”

“…STC is an important process in monitoring and managing natural resources and urban development because it provides a quantitative analysis of spatial distribution and patterns of specific spatial attributes. It is necessary to consider four aspects of STCs (Macleod, Congalton, 1998) Accurate and up-to-date information on spatial-temporal changes of LU/LC within the protected area is extremely important for decision-makers in resource management, spatial planning, and preservation of protected areas (Singh et al, 2015, Zbierska, 2022. Management of protected areas (PA) implies the implementation of a series of activities and measures aimed at the longterm preservation of the landscape value.…”