Landsat 9 Thermal Infrared Sensor 2 (TIRS-2) Stray Light Mitigation and Assessment

Montanaro, Matthew; McCorkel, Joel; Tveekrem, June L.; Stauder, John L.; Mentzell, Eric; Lunsford, Allen; Hair, Jason; Reuter, Dennis C.

doi:10.1109/tgrs.2022.3177312

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Fortuitously however, each observatory performs a special calibration activity once a month in which the full Moon is imaged by the instruments for calibration purposes. These lunar calibrations are primarily performed for the companion VNIR/SWIR instrument on Landsats 8 and 9 known as the Operational Land Imager (OLI), but TIRS also takes the opportunity to image the Moon for instrument trending purposes and to characterize optical stray light effects [9]. During this activity, on the night side of the orbit, the spacecraft is rotated from its normal Earth-pointing position and the instruments' fields of view are aimed at the Moon.…”

Section: Imaging Planmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal band observations of the May 2022 total lunar eclipse by the Landsat thermal infrared sensors

Montanaro,

Reuter,

Lunsford

et al. 2023

Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XXXI

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The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) instruments on board Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 provide routine thermal band image measurements of the Earth for the Landsat program. Although these observatories are specifically designed for mapping the Earth’s surface from their 705-km altitude orbits, they were recently utilized to image the Moon during the total lunar eclipse of May 2022. The full Moon is frequently used as a calibration target for Landsat. However, the imaging of the lunar eclipse provided a unique opportunity to gather accurate temporal thermal band data over the full lunar disc as solar illumination is removed. This campaign required a large effort by the Landsat Flight Operations teams to coordinate acquisitions and technical constraints on both observatories to capture the long temporal extent of the eclipse. The result of this effort was a series of resolved thermal images of the Moon at discrete times as the Earth’s shadow swept across the lunar surface through the start, partial, and total phases of the eclipse. This sequence of images showed an overall drop in surface temperature from approximately 370 K to 180 K in about 300 minutes as solar insolation was removed. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of cooling rates from this unique event provided information about different material properties (density and thermal inertia) across the lunar surface and showed a clear distinction among mare, highlands, and impact craters.

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Section: Imaging Planmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal band observations of the May 2022 total lunar eclipse by the Landsat thermal infrared sensors

Montanaro,

Reuter,

Lunsford

et al. 2023

Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XXXI

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“…[ 11,12 ] Recently, these fields, especially in the field of space optics, have put forward requirements for wide‐angle high absorption of incident light by black absorbers, so as to improve the detecting precision of the optical payloads. [ 13–15 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[11,12] Recently, these fields, especially in the field of space optics, have put forward requirements for DOI: 10.1002/admt.202300416 wide-angle high absorption of incident light by black absorbers, so as to improve the detecting precision of the optical payloads. [13][14][15] The traditional absorber used in space system is mainly composed of metal alloy structure with black coating sprayed on the critical optical surfaces. [16] Although some of them have good vertical incidence light absorption performance, they show low absorption at the position with large incidence angle, which is not conducive to the detection and imaging of weak targets in space.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiscale Structure Coordinated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone)‐Based Black Absorber with Wide‐Angle High Absorption Properties

Xiong

et al. 2023

Adv Materials Technologies

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Black absorber with wide‐angle high absorption properties is of great significance to the in‐orbit operation of space optical system. However, up to now, black absorber used in space optical system with wide‐angle high absorption properties has rarely been reported. Herein, this work reports a multiscale structure coordinated black poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK)‐based black absorber with lightweight, low volatilization, and wide‐angle high absorption properties through 3D printing method. The as‐prepared absorber with honeycomb structure shows a high surface absorptivity (about 96.89%), and excellent wide‐angle high absorption properties which absorptivity attenuation rate is only 1.43% at 70°, benefiting from 3D‐printed honeycomb structure and multi‐scale light trap structure on the absorber inner surface. Besides, high and low temperature cycling test shows that its wide‐angle high absorption properties have a good stability at the space extreme environment, and its collected volatile condensable material (CVCM) is as low as 0.00%. This work provides a new strategy for simple fabrication method of novel lightweight multifunctional‐structure integrated absorber for space optical system.

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“…[2][3][4] TIRS-2 is an improved replica of TIRS but despite their many similarities, TIRS-2 has an important design difference with TIRS that was devised as a direct response to the reported calibration errors due to the "stray light" issue during the commissioning period of TIRS instrument, shortly after the launch of Landsat 8. 5 The stray light correction promises positive consequences for atmospheric correction and surface temperature measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-orbit spatial calibration performance of Landsat 8 and 9 thermal infrared sensors

Eftekharzadeh,

Wenny,

Thome

2023

Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XXXI

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The Landsat program has consistently provided high quality Earth imagery for over five decades. The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) on Landsat 8 and on Landsat 9, launched in Feb 2013 and Sept 2021 respectively, are nearly identical 2-band (10.9 and 12 micron) push-broom sensors extending the legacy of Landsat thermal measurements. Both Landsat 8 TIRS and Landsat 9 TIRS were built at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The pre-launch testing of both TIRS characterized the radiometric, spectral and spatial performance using essentially the same calibration ground support equipment system as well as analysis methodologies and techniques. Landsat 9 TIRS benefited from lessons learned from the original Landsat 8 TIRS so overall has better performance. Once on-orbit, it is challenging to evaluate the spatial calibration performance of a sensor. One technique is to use ocean coastlines in desert regions as a high contrast edge target. This paper focuses on the spatial characterization assessment of both sensors while on-orbit in terms of edge spread function, point spread function and modulation transfer function. It is shown that both Landsat 8 TIRS and Landsat 9 TIRS demonstrate consistent spatial performance over their respective mission lifetime and no significant change from the prelaunch derived estimates.

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Landsat 9 Thermal Infrared Sensor 2 (TIRS-2) Stray Light Mitigation and Assessment

Cited by 15 publications

References 10 publications

Thermal band observations of the May 2022 total lunar eclipse by the Landsat thermal infrared sensors

Thermal band observations of the May 2022 total lunar eclipse by the Landsat thermal infrared sensors

Multiscale Structure Coordinated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone)‐Based Black Absorber with Wide‐Angle High Absorption Properties

On-orbit spatial calibration performance of Landsat 8 and 9 thermal infrared sensors

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