Landsat 9 Mission update and status

The use of remote sensing indices to understand flood‐recharged soil moisture impacts on trees in semi‐arid floodplains: A review

“…Accordingly, as of October 2020, the Committee on EO Satellites recorded 327 satellite missions, 845 instruments either operational or to be launched in less than 2 decades from only 30 affiliate national space agencies (Zhao et al, 2022). The recently launched Landsat 9 OLI‐2 is a continuity mission for Landsat 8 OLI (Markham et al, 2020; Zhao et al, 2022). The new sensor technologies carry recent instruments, e.g., microwave radiometers, space‐borne radar and SAR scatterometers and laser scanners, with improved data quality (Zhao et al, 2022) in addition to the upgraded payload (Markham et al, 2020), communications and powering in planned missions as noted for ESA (Atzei et al, 1996; Rosenqvist et al, 2003).…”

“…The recently launched Landsat 9 OLI‐2 is a continuity mission for Landsat 8 OLI (Markham et al, 2020; Zhao et al, 2022). The new sensor technologies carry recent instruments, e.g., microwave radiometers, space‐borne radar and SAR scatterometers and laser scanners, with improved data quality (Zhao et al, 2022) in addition to the upgraded payload (Markham et al, 2020), communications and powering in planned missions as noted for ESA (Atzei et al, 1996; Rosenqvist et al, 2003). The respective potential uses of RS technologies to study the impacts of FRSM on riparian trees are outlined and exemplified.…”

“…First, there is an increase in RS technology including platforms (ground‐based, airborne and space‐borne), sensor detector array systems and scanning mechanisms (Markham et al, 2020; Zhao et al, 2022). RS platforms have evolved from the ancient bird and kite platforms to the current development of miniature; micro‐ and nano‐satellites carrying payloads of <10 and 10–100 kg, respectively (Esper et al, 2000), were predicted to shape future EO (Zhao et al, 2022).…”

“…Zhao et al (2022) calculated a RS impact factor (RSIF) to conclude that Landsat, Sentinel and MODIS data were the most widely used satellites to date, with Sentinel predicted to become the highest by 2025 while AVHRR, SPOT and TerraSAR data showed a declining trend. The spatiotemporal ecological applications for detection, mapping, monitoring and evaluation of tree parameters, e.g., AGB, structure, phenology and forest damage, can be tenable using Landsat missions since 1972, including the longest operating sensor, Landsat 5 (TM) (Markham et al, 2020), to the most recently launched Landsat 9 (OLI‐2) (Zhao et al, 2022; Zhu et al, 2019) or in fusion with other sensors due to mission continuity aspect to understand FRSM impact on riparian trees using RSIs.…”

“…The military-civilian partnerships as well as government-to-government help to expand the horizon of applications (Atzei et al, 1996). Notably, the increase in both operational and planned EO satellite missions in the private, public and commercial services domains in passive optical and thermal and active microwave regions, especially as planned by leading data providers (Foerster et al, 2016;Masek et al, 2020) The spatiotemporal ecological applications for detection, mapping, monitoring and evaluation of tree parameters, e.g., AGB, structure, phenology and forest damage, can be tenable using Landsat missions since 1972, including the longest operating sensor, Landsat 5 (TM) (Markham et al, 2020), to the most recently launched Landsat 9 (OLI-2) (Zhao et al, 2022;Zhu et al, 2019) or in fusion with other sensors due to mission continuity aspect to understand FRSM impact on riparian trees using RSIs.…”