Landlocked or Policy Locked? How Services Trade Protection Deepens Economic Isolation

Abstract

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

Aid to agriculture, trade and structural change

“…are also important (Faye, McArthur, Sachs, & Snow, 2004). Additionally, the Sub-Saharan landlocked countries have been found to have institutional weaknesses that can translate into further obstacles to trade (Borchert, Gootiiz, Grover, & Mattoo, 2012).…”

Indicateurs de l'aide, du commerce et du développement pour le Pakistan

“…En outre, le secteur du transport aérien, qui offre apparemment une solution plus efficiente, quoique plus coûteuse, que le transport terrestre, est également très protégé dans certains pays sans littoral. En effet, comme l'ont constaté Borchert et al (2012), la contrepartie d'une protection accordée à des intérêts acquis bien organisés tend à être plus élevée dans ces pays, car la tendance des responsables politiques à favoriser les intérêts acquis au détriment du bien-être public est moins contrôlée. Pour identifier les pays exportateurs de produits de base, nous suivons la classification de la CNUCED (2010), qui divise ces pays en diverses catégories, comme l'indique le tableau 5.…”

Evaluating Aid for Trade: A Survey of Recent Studies

“…In fact, a new cross‐country database on services policy reveals a perverse pattern: many landlocked countries restrict trade in the very services that connect them with the rest of the world (Borchert et al., ). In particular, air‐transport policies are significantly more restrictive on average in landlocked countries than elsewhere.…”

“…Even on the most competitive trucking corridors of East Africa, anti-competitive regulations abounded, with, for example, Kenya prohibiting international transit trucks on the Mombasa-Kigali corridor from taking domestic freight on the return trip, forcing them to cover 1,700 km empty. 12 In fact, a new cross-country database on services policy reveals a perverse pattern: many landlocked countries restrict trade in the very services that connect them with the rest of the world (Borchert et al, 2012). In particular, air-transport policies are significantly more restrictive on average in landlocked countries than elsewhere.…”