Land–Water Transition Zone Monitoring in Support of Drinking Water Production

Abstract

Water utilities often use extended open surface water reservoirs to produce drinking water. Biotic and abiotic factors influence the water level, leading to alterations in the concentration of the dissolved substances (in cases of flood or drought), entry of new pollutants (in case of flooding) or reduction in the availability and inflow speed of water to the treatment plant (in case of drought). Spaceborne image analysis is considered a significant surrogate for establishing a dense network of sensors to monitor changes. In this study, renowned inundation mapping techniques are examined for their adaptability to the inland water reservoirs’ conditions. The results, from the Polyphytos open surface water reservoir in northern Greece, showcase the transferability of the workflows with overall accuracies exceeding—in cases—98%. Hydroperiod maps generated for the area of interest, along with variations in the water surface extent over a four-year period, provide valuable insights into the reservoir’s hydrological patterns. Comparison among different inundation mapping techniques for the surface water extent and water level reveal challenges and limitations, which are related to the spatial resolution, the data take frequency and the influence of the landscape synthesis beyond the water reservoir boundaries.

Use of Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) in Water Chemistry Studies

“…Nowadays, innovative genetic algorithm-based equations can be employed as indices for comparing with observed data, yielding more realistic results compared to experimental data [20,21]. Another valuable tool is the application of satellite data, which provides high temporal and spatial coverage, although it is subject to specific timescales and parameters (e.g., chlorophyll α) with limitations based on weather conditions [22,23]. An innovative approach gaining rapid traction in water monitoring is the utilization of unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) [10,[17][18][19][23][24][25][26].…”