Land Vulnerability, Risk Zoning, and Ecological Protection in the Protection Forest of Pagaibamba (Peru)

Abstract

The protection of natural areas is considered an essential strategy for environment conservation. The objective of this work was to determine the level of vulnerability, considering the characterization and identification of the risk zones and ecological protection of the Pagaibamba Protection Forest (PPF, Peru). To determine the vulnerable areas, Landsat ETM satellite images, topographic, geological, ecological, and vegetation cover maps were used. Geological, physiographic, edaphological, vegetation cover, and land use potential characteristics, were analyzed. Three Ecological Protection and Risk Zones were identified, with the largest extension of the PPF corresponding to lands of very high and high vulnerability and high ecological risk, which include >85% of Protected Natural Areas (PNA) and 54% of the Buffer Zone (BZ). Moderate risk areas represent 30% of the Buffer Zone (BZ) and 13% of the PNA, and the low-risk areas (represent 15% of the BZ and 2% of the PNA). Biogeographically, the PPF was related to the Cloudy Montane Forests Ecoregion of the Andes Mountains, standing out the Tropical Montane Cloud Forest (TMCF) and the Tropical Lower Montane Cloud Forest (TLMCF). These forests are a global conservation priority due to their great biodiversity, high level of endemicity of flora and fauna, and the crucial hydrological function they fulfill.

Ecological Zoning Based on Value–Risk in the Wuling Mountains Area of Hunan Province

“…The zone is characterized by high altitude, steep slopes, abundant rainfall, and susceptibility to natural disasters, such as droughts and floods. Given these conditions, the district should prioritize ecological restoration projects, enhance the efficiency of land utilization [21], promote diversified agriculture and planting practices, strengthen river supervision, implement a grid and hierarchical system, assign concrete responsibilities, improve water body conservation projects, and enhance flood prevention and mitigation systems while ensuring the protection of the original ecological environment [22].…”