Land Use/Land Cover Change Impact on Hydrological Process in the Upper Baro Basin, Ethiopia

Abstract

Understanding the hydrological process associated with Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) change is vital for decision-makers in improving human wellbeing. LU/LC change significantly affects the hydrology of the landscape, caused by anthropogenic activities. The scope of this study is to investigate the impact of LU/LC change on the hydrological process of Upper Baro Basin for the years 1987, 2002, and 2017. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used for the simulation of the streamflow. The required data for the SWAT model are soils obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization; Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and LU/LC were obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The meteorological data such as Rainfall, Temperature, Sunshine, Humidity, and Wind Speeds were obtained from the Ethiopian National Meteorological Agency. Data on discharge were obtained from Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity. Ecosystems are deemed vital. Landsat images were used to classify the LU/LC pattern using ERDAS Imagine 2014 software and the LU/LC were classified using the Maximum Likelihood Algorithm of Supervised Classification. The Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI-2) global sensitivity method within SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Procedures (SWAT-CUP) was used to identify the most sensitive streamflow parameters. The calibration was carried out using observed streamflow data from 01 January 1990 to 31 December 2002 and a validation period from 01 January 2003 to 31 December 2009. LU/LC analysis shows that there was a drastic decrease of grassland by 15.64% and shrubland by 9.56% while an increase of agricultural land and settlement by 18.01% and 13.01%, respectively, for 30 years. The evaluation of the SWAT model presented that the annual surface runoff increased by 43.53 mm, groundwater flow declined by 27.58 mm, and lateral flow declined by 5.63 mm. The model results showed that the streamflow characteristics changed due to the LU/LC change during the study periods 1987–2017 such as change of flood frequency, increased peak flows, base flow, soil erosion, and annual mean discharge. Curve number, an available water capacity of the soil layer, and soil evaporation composition factor were the most sensitive parameters identified for the streamflow. Both the calibration and validation results disclosed a good agreement between measured and simulated streamflow. The performance of the model statistical test shows the coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash–Sutcliffe (NS) efficiency values 0.87 and 0.81 for calibration periods of 1990–2002 and 0.84 and 0.76 for the validation period of 2003 to 2009, respectively. Overall, LU/LC significantly affected the hydrological condition of the watershed. Therefore, different conservation strategies to maintain the stability and resilience of the ecosystem are vital.

Impacts and Implications of Land Use Land Cover Dynamics on Groundwater Recharge and Surface Runoff in East African Watershed

“…Hence, LULC change impact on spatiotemporal assessment is substantial for socio-economic and environmental development. The findings are in agreement with studies conducted by [6,17,[20][21][22][23]29,56]. Similar studies confirmed that LULC changed from forest to agricultural land, waterbody, industrial farmland, and built-up areas.…”

“…Similar efforts in Ethiopia reported that expansion of agricultural land diminishing forest, shrubland, and grasslands increased runoff, decreasing recharge [14,23,26,36,54]. This produces flooding during the rainy season, decreasing low flow during the dry period.…”

“…2) indicate that objective functions were acceptable for model evaluation [75,76]. Several authors [14,23,36,40,57,62] calibrated the SWAT model in other Ethiopian watersheds. They mainly reported statistical performance indicators of R 2 , NSE, and PBIAS based on [75], comparable with the present findings.…”

“…The model is developed to simulate runoff and nutrient losses with readily available input data to assess management practices [42,61]. SWAT has usually been used to evaluate the impacts and implications of LULC change on watershed hydrology [17,23,36,48,62]. It simulates a shallow unconfined aquifer that donates water to the mainstream or reaches the sub-basin and a confined deep aquifer [61].…”

“…It is being affected by various environmental challenges in order to enhance agricultural productivity for food security. Over the past decades, an extensive LULC change has been observed mainly from manmade and natural forces [22,23]. Both natural and anthropogenic activities adversely affect watershed hydrology, causing water stress, which shifts ecosystem biodiversity.…”