Land-use effects on aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity in subtropical highland grasslands streams

Abstract

Knowledge of the frequency and occurrence of macroinvertebrates throughout landscapes may clarify the effects of anthropic impacts on aquatic systems and help guide conservation actions for watersheds. We evaluated macroinvertebrate α and β diversity in streams in four different subtropical phytophysiognomies: highland grasslands with arboreal riparian vegetation, highland grasslands without arboreal riparian vegetation, mixed ombrophilous forest and silviculture. We also evaluated how environmental factors influence α diversity. We sampled macroinvertebrate communities (by Surber sampler), litter input (by nets) and physicochemical variables of the water (by multiparameter and chemical analysis) at 10 sites in riparian zones of a highland system. A total of 2124 individuals were sampled representing 41 taxa, with high α and β diversity in mixed ombrophilous forest. The results indicate that environmental heterogeneity increases food resource availability, as well as macroinvertebrate diversity. Furthermore, the β diversity was found to increase with distance among the unconnected streams. Areas of silviculture had the highest density values among the sampled areas due high organic material stock in the soil. Therefore, higher leaf litter input may decrease the toxicity effect of secondary compounds released by leaf plant decomposition compared to environments with low systemic leaf litter input, such as highland grasslands. The presence of arboreal riparian vegetation drives canopy openness, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and orthophosphate in streams, which control the frequency and occurrence of benthic macroinvertebrates. Homogeneous systems, as naturally observed in highland grasslands, plus high canopy openness decrease macroinvertebrate richness and density. The naturally low richness of highland grasslands, although with endemic species, may be an important guideline for legislation on anthropic impacts, management, and conservation of streams in this specific subtropical zone.

Time will tell: Taxonomic and functional diversity of monilophyte ferns in native forests and abandoned silviculture systems

“…Based on the premise that in silviculture systems, we can expect: (i) higher temperatures and luminosity but lower humidity due to increased canopy openness (Ferreira et al., 2019; Venanzi et al., 2020); (ii) higher concentrations of nutrients in the soil surface horizon due to litter decomposition (Baradwal et al., 2023; Cavallet et al., 2022; Powers et al., 2013); (iii) lower concentrations of nutrients in deeper soil layers (Baradwal et al., 2023; Cavallet et al., 2022; Powers et al., 2013); (iv) and structural homogenization of the environment in relation to native forest systems (Bacca et al., 2023; Venanzi et al., 2020); we hypothesize that the highest resource diversity (habitat and nutrients) positively affects taxonomic and functional diversity, but the organisms will be smaller, with less divided leaves, a lower diversity of sorus shapes, and a higher prevalence of indusia. We predict a decrease in the taxonomic and functional diversity of monilophytes in silviculture compared to native forest systems, with a positive effect of nutrients and soil humidity but a negative effect of canopy openness.…”