Land-surface exchange in a chemically-reactive system; surface fluxes of HNO3, HCl and NH3

Harrison, Roy M.; Rapsomanikis, S.; Turnbull, A.

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(89)90062-0

Cited by 73 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…However, further formation of HNO, by reactions N,O, + H,O + 2HNO,, NO, + RO, + RCHO + HNO, and HNO, + NH, 2 NH,NO, (formation or depletion) may produce slightly height-dependent fluxes. This dependence on height was suggested by Kramm (1991a) for the first two reactions and by Brost et al (1988) I I I I I I I I time of the dissociation equilibrium is less than or equal to 100 s, see also Harrison et al, 1989). The presented results of the fluxes of NO, NO,, and ozone indicate that chemical reactions have a considerable influence on deposition (exhalation) fluxes.…”

Section: Final Remarks and Conclusionsupporting

confidence: 54%

A modified profile method for determining the vertical fluxes of NO, NO2, ozone, and HNO3 in the atmospheric surface layer

et al. 1991

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A modified profile method for determing the vertical deposition (or/and exhalation) fluxes of NO, NO2, ozone, and HN03 in the atmosphere surface layer is presented. This method is based on the generally accepted niicrometeorological ideas of the transfer of momentum, sensible heat and matter near the Earth's surface and the chemical reactions among these trace gases. The analysis (aerodynamic profile method) includes a detailed determination of the micrometeorological quantities (such as the friction velocity, the fluxes of sensible and latent heat, the roughness length and the zero plane displacement), and of the height-invariant fluxes of the composed chemically conservative trace gases with "group" concentrations c 1 = NO + NO2 + HNO3, c 2 = NO2 +O3 + 3/2 . HNO3, and c 3 = NO - O3 - 1/2 . HNO3. The fluxes of the "individual" species are finally determined by the numerical solution of a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the concentrations of ozone and HN O3 ("decoding" method). The parameterization of the fluxes is based on the flux-gradient relationships in the turbulent region of the atmospheric surface layer. The model requires only the vertical profile data of wind velocity, temperature and humidity and concentrations of NO, NO2, ozone, and HNO3. The method has been applied to vertical profile data obtained at Jülich (September 1984) and collected in the BIATEX joint field experiment LOVENOX (Halvergate, U.K., September 1989)

show abstract

Section: Final Remarks and Conclusionsupporting

confidence: 54%

A modified profile method for determining the vertical fluxes of NO, NO2, ozone, and HNO3 in the atmospheric surface layer

et al. 1991

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although V d (HNO 3 )<V max (HNO 3 ) during the day, the deposition flux of HNO 3 was considerably larger than F (NH 3 ), which was small, switching between deposition and emission. Consequently, the relative difference in F (NH 3 ) between z=3.3 m and z 0 of −10% was on average larger magnitude than for the value of −5.2% found for HNO 3 for Scenario A us- (Harrison et al, 1989;Sutton et al, 1993), the data here point to nonzero R c (HNO 3 ) as being a real phenomenon under conditions favouring NH 4 NO 3 evaporation from canopy surfaces.…”

Section: Uncertainties and Recommendations For Further Investigationscontrasting

confidence: 51%

Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: III. Modelling the influence of the NH3-HNO3-NH4NO3 equilibrium on size-segregated particle fluxes

Nemitz

Sutton

2004

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Micrometeorological measurements of sizesegregated particle number fluxes above Dutch heathlands and forests have repeatedly shown simultaneous apparent emission of particles with a diameter (D p )<0.18 µm and deposition of larger particles when measured with optical particle counters. In order to assess whether this observation may be explained by the equilibrium reaction of ammonia (NH 3 ), nitric acid (HNO 3 ) and ammonium (NH + 4 ), a new numerical model is developed to predict the vertical concentration and flux profiles of the different species as modified by the interaction of equilibration and surface/atmosphere exchange processes. In addition to former studies, the new approach explicitly models the height-dependence of the NH + 4 and total aerosol size-distribution. Using this model, it is demonstrated that both gas-to-particle conversion (gtpc) and aerosol evaporation can significantly alter the apparent surface exchange fluxes, and evoke the observed bi-directional particle fluxes under certain conditions. Thus, in general, the NH 3 -HNO 3 -NH 4 NO 3 equilibrium needs to be considered when interpreting eddy-covariance particle fluxes. Applied to an extensive dataset of simultaneous flux measurements of particles and gases at Elspeet, NL, the model reproduces the diurnal pattern of the bi-directional exchange well. In agreement with the observation of fast NH + 4 deposition, slow nitric acid deposition (both as measured by the aerodynamic gradient method) and small concentration products of NH 3 ×HNO 3 at this site, this study suggests that NH + 4 evaporation at this site significantly alters surface exchange fluxes.

show abstract

“…HCl and HF possess high dry-deposition velocities (e.g. Harrison et al 1989), and are likely to be removed from the atmosphere more rapidly than SO 2 by diffusion both to airborne particles and to the ground. However, measurements obtained from Chances Peak and Plymouth on 14 March showed differences in concentrations by factors of approximately 43 (SO 2 ), 29 (HF) and 20 (HCl) between these two sites, whereas similar differences between concentrations at Chances Peak and Amersham were 27 (SO 2 ), 41 (HF) and 11 (HCl).…”

Section: Meteorologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas and particle emissions from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies: characterization and health hazard assessment

Allen¹,

Baxter

Ottley

2000

Bulletin of Volcanology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, erupting since 18 July 1995, intensified its degassing in early 1996 with the continuing growth of the lava dome inside the summit crater. During this period of increased activity, between 11 and 18 March 1996, we measured gases and particles within the visible plume to determine whether at that time it posed a health risk to the population of Plymouth, the capital town, which is 5 km southwest (downwind) and was then still occupied. Gravimetric measurements were made of total suspended particles (TSP) and particles having an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 mm (PM 10 ). Measurements were made of sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrofluoric acid (HF), nitric acid (HNO 3 ), acetic acid (CH 3 COOH), formic acid (HCOOH), and particulate sulphate (SO 4 2-), chloride (Cl -), nitrate (NO 3 -), fluoride (F -), methanesulphonate (CH 3 SO 3 -), acetate (CH 3 COO -), formate (HCOO -), ammonium (NH 4 c ), sodium (Na c ) and acidity (H c ). Trace metals having human health implications [chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), tin (Sn), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb)] were also determined. Mean concentrations of HCl, SO 2 and HF obtained in the town of Plymouth were 14.0, 5.9 and 0.8 ppbv, respectively. Corresponding concentrations in the mixed plume on the crater edge were 533, 168 and 22 ppbv. There were no direct emissions of HNO 3 , although nitrate was detected in coarse particles at the source. Higher concentrations of CH 3 COOH and HCOOH were measured close to the crater. Mean TSP and PM 10 were 64 and 15 mg m -3 in Plymouth, and 455 and 47 mg m -3 on the upper volcano slope. Aerosols were highly acidic at the source but rapidly neutralised during transport. Trace metals were enriched in the aerosol relative to crater surface material. The concentrations of the acid gases, sulphur dioxide in particular, and particles were found to be too small to pose a health hazard at the time of these measurements, when relatively modest volcanic activity was occurring.

show abstract

Land-surface exchange in a chemically-reactive system; surface fluxes of HNO3, HCl and NH3

Cited by 73 publications

References 17 publications

A modified profile method for determining the vertical fluxes of NO, NO2, ozone, and HNO3 in the atmospheric surface layer

A modified profile method for determining the vertical fluxes of NO, NO2, ozone, and HNO3 in the atmospheric surface layer

Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: III. Modelling the influence of the NH<sub>3</sub>-HNO<sub>3</sub>-NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> equilibrium on size-segregated particle fluxes

Gas and particle emissions from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies: characterization and health hazard assessment

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Land-surface exchange in a chemically-reactive system; surface fluxes of HNO3, HCl and NH3

Cited by 73 publications

References 17 publications

A modified profile method for determining the vertical fluxes of NO, NO2, ozone, and HNO3 in the atmospheric surface layer

A modified profile method for determining the vertical fluxes of NO, NO2, ozone, and HNO3 in the atmospheric surface layer

Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: III. Modelling the influence of the NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; equilibrium on size-segregated particle fluxes

Gas and particle emissions from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies: characterization and health hazard assessment

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: III. Modelling the influence of the NH<sub>3</sub>-HNO<sub>3</sub>-NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> equilibrium on size-segregated particle fluxes