Land reform: still a goal worth pursuing for rural women?

Jacobs, Susie

doi:10.1002/jid.934

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…It is not well known that this functionality can operate in vivo in ET reactions. For example, biacetyl behaves as a radiation sensitizer [170], most of which act by electron affinity (see Radiation Sensitizers). The ∝-ketoacetate region is a conceivable forerunner, as is the 1,2-diol generated by oxidation at C-6 [168,169].…”

Section: Etoposidementioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Anti-Cancer Agents Emphasis on Oxidative Stress and Electron Transfer

Kovacic

Osuna²

2000

CPD

149

105

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A large body of evidence has accumulated indicating involvement of oxidative stress (OS) in the mode of action of various bioactive substances, including those of the immune system. The data for anticancer drugs (main and miscellaneous) are summarized herein. Although diverse origins pertain, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are frequently generated by redox cycling via electron transfer (ET) groups, such as quinones (or phenolic precursors), metal complexes (or complexors), aromatic nitro compounds (or reduced products) and conjugated imines (or iminium species). We believe it is not coincidental that these functionalities are frequently found in anticancer agents or their metabolites. Generally, the ET moieties display reduction potentials in the physiologically active range. Often ROS are also implicated in more traditional rationales, namely, enzyme inhibition, membrane or DNA insult, and interference with DNA or protein synthesis. A multi-faceted approach to mechanism appears to be the most logical. Significantly, the unifying theme of ET-OS also applies to other drug categories, as well as to toxins, carcinogens, hormones, and enzymes. Since this theoretical framework aids in our understanding of drug action, it can serve as a useful tool in the design of more active and safer pharmaceuticals.

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Section: Etoposidementioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Anti-Cancer Agents Emphasis on Oxidative Stress and Electron Transfer

Kovacic

Osuna²

2000

CPD

149

105

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“…The responsibility thus moves away from the women themselves. This is important because African women's access to land has often been described as gendered, being mediated through their relationships with their husbands and male relatives (Yngstrom, ; Jacobs, : 889; Jackson, ; Odgaard, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Less Gendered Access to Land? The Impact of Tanzania's New Wave of Land Reform

Pedersen

2015

Development Policy Review

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Contemporary land reforms in sub-Saharan Africa tend to be evaluated based on the state-centric reforms of the past, which disadvantaged women. However, this article argues that the new-wave of land reforms and their decentralised administration institutions and anti-discriminatory legal frameworks may be different. Based on field research on the implementation of Tanzania's 1999 Land Acts, it identifies an institutional reconfiguration in which the formal institutions are gradually strengthened and the customary institutions slowly changed. This does not in itself pose a threat to women's access to land and some women, who are otherwise often perceived to be weak, are left better-off. Nevertheless, access to land becomes socially more uneven.ownership, it also provides protection for women's rights to land. It makes it clear that the village councils, which are vested with power over the administration of village land, should also protect the rights of women. The responsibility thus moves away from the women themselves. This is important because African women's access to land has often been described as gendered, being mediated through their relationships with their husbands and male relatives (Yngstrom, 2002; Jacobs, 2002: 889;Jackson, 2003;Odgaard, 2006).The article identifies significant alterations in the relationship between access, gender and land-administration institutions which affects women in various ways. The reform's decentralisation element gradually strengthens the role of the more formal institutions in mediating access to land. For some groups of women, especially widowed and divorced women, these institutions improve access and make it less gendered. This confirms recent, but still limited, empirical evidence from similar policy interventions to the effect that gender-progressive policies can have a positive impact on women's access to land (Ikdahl, 2010;Quisumbing and Pandolfelli, 2010;Dancer, 2013). However, Tanzanian land reform has not been able to eradicate gender inequalities altogether. For most women, their relationships with male relatives remain important.In order to capture these gradual changes and intermediate institutional forms I suggest distinguishing between more and less formal institutions, rather than focusing on full-scale formalisation. Inspired by Keith Hart (2008: 11), a pioneer in the study of the informal economy, I do not equate formal institutions with state bureaucracies. More pragmatically, he emphasises regularity and the relationship to the bureaucracy as the defining features of formal institutions. This provides a focus on a broader range of land-administration institutions, including customary ones, which may operate with the backing of the state. Rather than replacing the customary institutions altogether, the article argues that Tanzania's new-wave land reform contributes to a reconfiguration of institutions at the local level in which the formal institutions are gradually strengthened and the customary institutions slowly changed.Since it is a new-wave lan...

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“…In other societies of developing countries, women do not have direct claim to land. The exercise of their claims to properties are subsumed in their husband’s rights ( Jacobs, 2002 : p. 888), or that of their sons. A respondent from South Africa recalled an experience,…”

Section: Culture and Women’s Land Rights: An Intersectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women, Culture and Africa’s Land Reform Agenda

Akinola

2018

Front. Psychol.

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Pre-colonial Africa prides itself on adherence to diverse cultural affinity and traditional belief systems, which defines the place of women in respect to land access, use and ownership. Land resources continue to play important roles in both agrarian and industrial societies; thus the absence of effective land management and gender construction in land allocations has deepened gender inequality, restricted women’s capacity building and agricultural development in Africa. This article explores the impact of traditional African practices and cultural beliefs on women’s land ownership and use, and also reconciles women’s land rights (access and control) with the realities of land reform in post-colonial Africa. It explores how gender inequalities, in terms of land ownership and rights, have jeopardized attempts at agricultural productivity and sustainable development in Africa. However, it is tasking to ‘universalize’ African culture and locate it in a center, due to the diverse cultural values found in Africa. However, there are certain belief systems that run through most African communities, such as the denial of women’s land rights and the patriarchal nature of societies. Thus, the article found that, despite the development of legal frameworks that expand women’s property rights, cases of cultural impediments to the exercise of land rights abound in Africa.

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Land reform: still a goal worth pursuing for rural women?

Cited by 22 publications

References 19 publications

Mechanisms of Anti-Cancer Agents Emphasis on Oxidative Stress and Electron Transfer

Mechanisms of Anti-Cancer Agents Emphasis on Oxidative Stress and Electron Transfer

A Less Gendered Access to Land? The Impact of Tanzania's New Wave of Land Reform

Women, Culture and Africa’s Land Reform Agenda

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