Land for biomass?

Abstract

In the past decades, sugarcane production in Brazil has expanded rapidly to meet increasing ethanol demand. The large majority of this expansion occurred in Sao Paulo state. We used an integrated approach considering location-specific biophysical characteristics to determine the environmental impacts of sugarcane expansion and their spatial variation in Sao Paulo state (2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015). The included environmental impacts are greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, biodiversity, soil erosion, and water quantity. All impacts were integrated into a single environmental performance index to determine trade-offs between impacts. Our results show a strong spatial variation in environmental impacts and trade-offs between them. The magnitude and direction of these impacts are mostly driven by the type of land use change and by the heterogeneity of the biophysical conditions. Areas where expansion of sugar cane has resulted in mostly negative environmental impacts are located in the center and east of the state (related to the change of shrublands, eucalyptus, and forest), while areas where sugar cane expansion has resulted in positive impacts are located in the center-west and north (related to the change of annual crops). Identifying areas with mainly positive and negative impacts enables the development of strategies to mitigate negative effects and enhance positive ones for future sugarcane expansion. 24 42 3 A carbon footprint assessment of multi-output biorefineries with international biomass supply: a case study for the Netherlands

El consumo con tarjeta de crédito y su relación con la inflación en Ecuador

“…A partir del mes de enero del año 2020 las transacciones de consumo tienden a decrecer, hasta el mes de mayo de 2020, esto se origina a causa de la pandemia, registrando el primer caso el 29 de febrero de 2020, el cual provocó que se apliquen medidas entre ellas el estado de excepción, que restringía la circulación del transporte y de los ciudadanos, a su vez, el toque de queda, el cierre de fronteras internacionales por vía terrestre, marítima y aérea, provocando que muchos negocios quiebren y varias personas pierdan su trabajo (Vera et al, 2021;Grigoli & Pugacheva, 2022). A mediados del mes de mayo de 2020, el presidente Lenin Moreno decidió aplicar medidas, debido a las pérdidas económicas de 12.000 millones de dólares, entre ellas, la reducción del gasto público superior a 4.000 millones de dólares, la implementación de financiamiento de 1.000 millones de dólares para reactivar la producción económica, 750 millones para los sistemas de salud y el fortalecimiento de la educación a distancia mediante medios públicos y plataformas tecnológicas (Robalino, 2020).…”