“…At the national level in Norway, land use change is listed as the major threat to red-listed species as well as nature types [3,4]. To monitor, interpret and understand the changes that occur in the landscape, and to relate these changes to ecological processes, we need robust and reproducible methods for quantifying the changes in landscape patterns, that can be applied repeatedly, e.g., at regular intervals [5]. Ongoing national monitoring programs in Norway include, e.g., changes in agricultural land [6], aggregated general land-cover changes [7], and the reduction in 'interference-free areas' [8].…”