Laminated sponges as challenging solid hydrophilic matrices for the buccal delivery of carvedilol microemulsion systems: Development and proof of concept via mucoadhesion and pharmacokinetic assessments in healthy human volunteers

Self-assembled liposome from core-sheath chitosan-based fibres for buccal delivery of carvedilol: formulation, characterization and in vitro and ex vivo buccal absorption

“…The FTIR spectra of Car, physical mixture (PM) and several formulations are depicted in Figure . The characteristic bands of Car coming from O–H or N–H stretching (3350 cm −1 ), aromatic (C=C) stretching (1606, 1589 and 1501 cm −1 ) and aliphatic–aromatic ether (C–O) stretching (1253 and 1099 cm −1 ) were clearly observed . For physical mixture, the peaks of Car at 3350, 1253 and 1099 cm −1 still existed, whereas the peaks of aromatic (C=C) stretching (1606, 1589 and 1501 cm −1 ) transformed into peaks centred at 1610 and 1492 cm −1 .…”

“…CS is a weak base with a pKa value of 6.2–7; therefore, it is insoluble at neutral and alkaline pH values, but soluble in dilute acids. Carvedilol (Car) is a beta blocker, commonly for the treatment of high blood pressure . It undergoes a low oral bioavailability (about 25%), mainly due to severe first‐pass metabolism.…”

<p>Low-Frequency versus High-Frequency Ultrasound-Mediated Transdermal Delivery of Agomelatine-Loaded Invasomes: Development, Optimization and in-vivo Pharmacokinetic Assessment</p>

“…DLS analyzes the fluctuation of intensity of a scattered laser beam (caused by the Brownian random motion of vesicles), at an angle of 90º, as function of time. 25 The derived data were needed to estimate the diffusion coefficient and hence, the Z-Average of vesicles according to Stoke-Einstein equation. 26 Low PDI values (<0.3) could indicate homogenous particle size distributions.…”

“…Indium (99.9%) was used as a reference. 25 Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) Studies PXRD studies of AGM, AGM-PC physical mixture and the optimum lyophilized invasomes were assessed at room temperature (PANalytical X'Pert PRO diffractometer; Almelo, Netherlands). The samples were prepared using nickel filtered Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.542 Å, 45 kV, and 35 mA).…”

“…4,5 The stirring rate was set at 100 rpm, and the temperature was adjusted at 32 ± 0.5 °C. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Aliquots (1 mL) of the receptor compartments were collected and immediately replaced…”