Laminar organization and contrast sensitivity of direction-selective cells in the striate cortex of the Old World monkey

Hawken, Michael J.; Parker, A. J.; Lund, JS

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.08-10-03541.1988

Cited by 207 publications

(202 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Several groups have studied V1 laminar variation (5,8,9,25,(47)(48)(49) by using spike-field coherence analysis (25), current source density analysis (5,49,50), or the BOLD signal in functional MRI (47). In this study, we used drifting gratings with spatial frequency equal to two cycles per degree, which are optimal stimuli for stimulating neurons in the V1 network (20,51).…”

Section: Dynamics Of γ-Band Power At Different Cortical Depths In V1mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Extrastriate cortical feedback targets layers 2, 3, and 6 (1,3,7). The visual functional properties of cells in different layers are markedly different (2,(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13), reflecting local circuitry that is layer-specific (1,3,6). Because of the similarities of laminar cortical circuitry throughout the cerebral cortex (14-16), we used V1 as a test bed to study laminar patterns of stimulus-driven responses.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Laminar analysis of visually evoked activity in the primary visual cortex

Xing

Yeh

Burns

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

183

166

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Studying the laminar pattern of neural activity is crucial for understanding the processing of neural signals in the cerebral cortex. We measured neural population activity [multiunit spike activity (MUA) and local field potential, LFP] in Macaque primary visual cortex (V1) in response to drifting grating stimuli. Sustained visually driven MUA was at an approximately constant level across cortical depth in V1. However, sustained, visually driven, local field potential power, which was concentrated in the γ-band (20-60 Hz), was greatest at the cortical depth corresponding to corticocortical output layers 2, 3, and 4B. γ-band power also tends to be more sustained in the output layers. Overall, cortico-cortical output layers accounted for 67% of total γ-band activity in V1, whereas 56% of total spikes evoked by drifting gratings were from layers 2, 3, and 4B. The high-resolution layer specificity of γ-band power, the laminar distribution of MUA and γ-band activity, and their dynamics imply that neural activity in V1 is generated by laminar-specific mechanisms. In particular, visual responses of MUA and γ-band activity in cortico-cortical output layers 2, 3, and 4B seem to be strongly influenced by laminar-specific recurrent circuitry and/or feedback.B ased on anatomy and neurophysiology, our view of the cerebral cortex has changed. Instead of viewing the cortex as a single network, we now conceive of the cortical laminae as a stack of loosely interconnected but distinct neuronal networks (1-5). Each lamina has different specific inputs, projection targets, and feedback connections.The goal of this study is the determination of the spatial distribution of stimulus-driven neural activity throughout the depth of the cortex and across cortical laminae. Pursuing this goal, we chose to study Macaque primary visual cortex (V1), because V1 is a cortical area where the experimenter has control of the neuronal input by controlling visual stimulation. V1 laminar inputs, outputs, and local connections are well-known (1, 3, 6). Signals come from the thalamus [lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)] into V1 layers 4C and 6. After intracortical processing, neuronal signals are routed to other cortical areas from cells in superficial layers 2, 3, and 4B of V1; subcortical targets receive cortical outputs from cells in layers 5 and 6. Extrastriate cortical feedback targets layers 2, 3, and 6 (1, 3, 7). The visual functional properties of cells in different layers are markedly different (2, 8-13), reflecting local circuitry that is layer-specific (1, 3, 6). Because of the similarities of laminar cortical circuitry throughout the cerebral cortex (14-16), we used V1 as a test bed to study laminar patterns of stimulus-driven responses.To sample from many neurons in each layer, we measured multiunit spike activity (MUA) and the local field potential (LFP) with multiple microelectrodes (Methods details the operational definitions of MUA and LFP). We measured the power in the LFP at frequencies < 100 Hz, because the largest changes in LFP power...

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Section: Dynamics Of γ-Band Power At Different Cortical Depths In V1mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Laminar analysis of visually evoked activity in the primary visual cortex

Xing

Yeh

Burns

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

183

166

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Assignment of the recorded neurons to cortical layers was accomplished via histological reconstruction of the electrode penetrations that were marked by small electrolytic lesions (cf. Hawken et al, 1988). The data reported in this study are derived from cells recorded in 15 animals.…”

Section: Single Unit Recording In Macaque V1 Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entrainment to Video Displays in Primary Visual Cortex of Macaque and Humans

Williams¹,

Mechler²,

Gordon³

et al. 2004

J. Neurosci.

122

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Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) display images refreshed at high frequency, and the temporal waveform of each pixel is a luminance impulse only a few milliseconds long. Although humans are perceptually oblivious to this flicker, we show in V1 in macaque monkeys and in humans that extracellularly recorded action potentials (spikes) and visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) align with the video impulses, particularly when high-contrast stimuli are viewed. Of 91 single units analyzed in macaque with a 60 Hz video refresh, 29 cells (32%) significantly locked their firing to a uniform luminance display, but their number increased to 75 (82%) when high-contrast stimuli were shown. Of 92 cells exposed to a 100 Hz refresh, 21 (23%) significantly phase locked to high-contrast stimuli. Phase locking occurred in both input and output layers of V1 for simple and complex cells, regardless of preferred temporal frequency. VEPs recorded in humans showed significant phase locking to the video refresh in all seven observers. Like the monkey neurons, human VEPs more typically phase locked to stimuli containing spatial contrast than to spatially uniform stimuli. Phase locking decreased when the refresh rate was increased. Thus in humans and macaques phase locking to the high strobe frequency of a CRT is enhanced by a salient spatial pattern, although the perceptual impact is uncertain. We note that a billion people worldwide manage to watch TV without obvious distortion of their visual perception despite extraordinary phase locking of their V1s to a 50 or 60 Hz signal.

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“…The differences in the responses of cortical cells to bars and sinusoidal gratings must also be taken into account in any attempt to understand cortical function since the orientation and direction sensitivities of cells throughout the retinogeniculocortical pathways are spatial frequency dependent (Hammond 1973(Hammond , 1974Thibos, 1980, 1982;Shou and Leventhal, 1989; Smith et al, 1990;Soodak et al, 1987;Hawken et al, 1988;Hammond and Pomfret, 1990). Deciding subjectively which stimulus is the one of choice in order to test selectivity and infer function seems inappropriate since a cell's selectivity can appear quite different depending upon which stimulus is employed.…”

Section: Technical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concomitant sensitivity to orientation, direction, and color of cells in layers 2, 3, and 4 of monkey striate cortex

et al. 1995

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The receptive field properties of cells in layers 2, 3, and 4 of area 17 (V1) of the monkey were studied quantitatively using colored and broad-band gratings, bars, and spots. Many cells in all regions studied responded selectively to stimulus orientation, direction, and color. Nearly all cells (95%) in layers 2 and 3 exhibited statistically significant orientation preferences (biases), most exhibited at least some color sensitivity, and many were direction sensitive. The degree of selectivity of cells in layers 2 and 3 varied continuously among cells; we did not find discrete regions containing cells sensitive to orientation and direction but not color, and vice versa. There was no relationship between the degree of orientation sensitivity of the cells studied and their degree of color sensitivity. There was also no obvious relationship between the receptive field properties studied and the cells' location relative to cytochrome oxidase-rich regions. Our findings are difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that there is a strict segregation of cells sensitive to orientation, direction, and color in layers 2 and 3. In fact, the present results suggest the opposite since most cells in these layers are selective for a number of stimulus attributes.

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Laminar organization and contrast sensitivity of direction-selective cells in the striate cortex of the Old World monkey

Cited by 207 publications

References 40 publications

Laminar analysis of visually evoked activity in the primary visual cortex

Laminar analysis of visually evoked activity in the primary visual cortex

Entrainment to Video Displays in Primary Visual Cortex of Macaque and Humans

Concomitant sensitivity to orientation, direction, and color of cells in layers 2, 3, and 4 of monkey striate cortex

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