Lambda-Cyhalothrin Resistance in the Lady Beetle Eriopis connexa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Confers Tolerance to Other Pyrethroids

Abstract

Pyrethroid insecticides are widely recommended to control insect defoliators but lack efficacy against most aphid species. Thus, conserving aphid predators such as the lady beetle Eriopis connexa (Germar) is important to pest management in crop ecosystems that require pyrethroid sprays. In a greenhouse, early fourth-instar larvae and 5-day-old adults from susceptible (S) and resistant (R) E. connexa populations were caged on lambda-cyhalothrin-treated cotton plants, after which survival and egg production (for those caged at adult stage) were assessed. In the laboratory, similar groups were subjected to dried residues and topical treatment with one of eight pyrethroids (alpha-cypermethrin, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, permethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin), the organophosphate methidathion, or water and wetting agent. After caging on treated cotton terminals, 66% of the R-population larvae survived to adulthood, compared with 2% of those from the S-population. At 12 d after caging at adult stage under the same conditions, 64% of the females from the R-population survived and laid eggs, compared with 100% mortality and no oviposition for the S-females. In trials involving dried insecticide residues, gain in survival based on the survival difference (percentage for R-population minus percentage for S-population) across all tested pyrethroids varied from 3 to 63% for larvae and from 3 to 70% for adults. In trials involving topical sprays of the tested pyrethroids, survival differences ranged from 36 to 96% for larvae and from 21 to 82% for adults. Fenpropathrin and bifenthrin were the least and most toxic, respectively.

Field-evolved resistance to λ-cyhalothrin in the lady beetleEriopis connexa

“…The field-collected insects were kept in plastic containers for adult rearing and egg collection, and late larvae and pupae were all reared as described in Torres et al . (2015). Rearing was conducted at the Biological Control and Insect Ecology Laboratory of the ‘Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE)’, and lady beetle colonies were maintained at 25 ± 2°C with a photoperiod of 12:12 h (L:D).…”

“…Most of these pest species are not targeted by pyrethroids. Pyrethroid formulations are widely recommended against defoliators (Agrofit, 2016); therefore, the mortality caused to pest populations by pyrethroids and E. connexa may be complementary (Spíndola et al ., 2013; Torres et al ., 2015). The remaining aphids not killed by pyrethroids and reduction of competition with other predators susceptible to pyrethroids (Torres & Ruberson, 2005), furnish prey, and free space to surviving lady beetles carrying alleles for resistance.…”

Identification and characterization of ace1-type acetylcholinesterase in insecticide-resistant and -susceptible Propylaea japonica (Thunberg)

“…At least ten predator mites, which belong to Amblyseius genus, Phytoselulus genus and Pythlodromus genus, were confirmed to develop high resistance to 12 OPs, two CBs, and five Pyrethroids (Zhao et al , 2012). Among predator ladybirds, the resistances toward various insecticides were reported (Duan et al , 2002; James, 2003; Youn et al , 2003; Al-Doghairi et al , 2004; Yu et al , 2014; Li et al , 2015), e.g., Stethorus gilvifrons toward parathion-methyl and bifenthrin (Kumral et al , 2011), Eriopis connexa toward pyrethroid (Torres et al , 2015), and Listronotus maculicollis toward bifenthrin and bifenthrin combined with synergists affecting three detoxification systems (Ramoutar et al , 2009). But, no evolution and physiological mechanisms of the insecticide resistance in the predacious P. japonica were elucidated.…”

Vitality and Stability of Insecticide Resistance in AdultPropylaea japonica(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

“…Among predatory species, it has been shown that the natural enemies could also develop resistance to insecticides corresponding to that in the pest insects ( Georghiou 1986 , Pathan et al 2010 , Sayyed et al 2010 , Alperkumral et al 2011 , Rodrigues et al 2013 , Torres et al 2015 ). The resistance to parathion-methyl and bifenthrin in Stethorus gilvifrons (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) ( Alperkumral et al 2011 ) and to pyrethroid in Eriopis connexa ( Torres et al 2015 ) was reported. Elevated detoxification and insensitivity target were thought to be involved in resistance to insecticides in spider mites ( van Leeuwen and Tirry 2007 ).…”

“…Multiple biochemical resistance mechanisms, including elevated carboxyestsrases (CarE) and GST activity and target-site insensitivity (insensitive acetylcholinesterase [AChE]) were involved in the resistance mechanisms in S. gilvifrons ( Alperkumral et al 2011 ). As compared with susceptible strain, insecticide-resistant E. connexa showed significantly higher survival rate ( Torres et al 2015 ). To study the role of detoxification enzyme in insecticide resistance, the synergistic effects of enzyme inhibitor, including piperonyl butoxide (PBO), diethyl maleate (DEM), or triphenyl phosphate (TPP), on chemical insecticides were studied in P. japonica or A. bipunctata ( Jansen et al 2010 ).…”