The dominant conceptual paradigm of porous media flow, solute mixing and transport is based on steady two-dimensional (2D) flows that can preclude important transport dynamics. Novel transport phenomena can arise in unsteady and/or three-dimensional (3D) flows at the pore-or Darcy-scale which can only be truly understood in the Lagrangian frame. These Lagrangian kinematics are governed by Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) that include chaotic mixing regions, hold-up regions and transport barriers that are only beginning to be visualised by novel experimental methods. In this primer we review the Lagrangian picture of porous media flow and transport and connect the associated tools and techniques with the latest research findings from pore to Darcy scales. This primer provides an introduction to the tools for porous media researchers to know when to expect complex Lagrangian kinematics, how to uncover and understand LCSs and their impact on solute transport, and how to exploit these dynamics to control solute transport in engineered subsurface flows.