“…The filling-based method fills the missing data by generating new values, and it can be further subdivided into statistical-based method and machine learning-based method. There are many commonly used statistics-based methods, such as mean imputation (Wolbers et al, 2022), last observation carried forward (Sampoornam et al, 2022), median imputation (Hadeed et al, 2020), plural imputation (Memon et al, 2022), random imputation (Guillaume & Wilfried, 2018), next observation carried backward (Wu et al, 2022), Lagrange imputation (Essanhaji & Errachid, 2022), and so on. Meanwhile, the main technologies used in the machine learning-based methods include clustering (Lashmar et al, 2021), linear regression (Vance et al, 2022), matrix decomposition (Feng et al, 2023), correlation analysis , and multiple imputation (Aleryani et al, 2022).…”