Ladle furnace slag in asphalt mixes

Skaf, Marta; Ortega-López, Vanesa; Fuente-Alonso, José A.; Santamarı́a, Anton; Manso, Juan Manuel García

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.085

Cited by 72 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The European steel industry continues to dump large proportions of LFS and to stockpile it, in some cases, while awaiting the approval of the relevant industrial standards.One use of this co-product is as filler material in bituminous mixtures, due to its appropriate particle size and slightly cementitious properties. Its encapsulation in bitumen also prevents the potential expansion of its components (mainly the hydration and carbonation of free lime and magnesia) [17], as well as possible contamination due to leaching, as bitumen will efficiently immobilizes metals found in asphalt mixes with slags [18].In early research on asphalt mixtures with ladle furnace slag, Skaf et al [19] reported the results of binder drainage tests that verified the good adhesion of the LFS filler with the bitumen and demonstrated the water-resistant quality of the mastic in moisture susceptibility tests. They also noted that LFS had higher bitumen absorption than the standard materials.Bocci [20] affirmed that the reuse of LFS in hot bituminous mixtures was feasible, in terms of mechanical behavior, water sensitivity and fatigue life.…”

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“…In this research, the combination of LFS and EAF, the two main steelmaking slags, was performed to produce mixtures with especially suitable properties for rainy regions. EAF slag has previously shown its suitability in the manufacture of bituminous mixtures [22,23].In contrast to the promising results of those preliminary tests, compaction issues were also noted, due to higher void contents of the slag mixes [19,20] that slightly worsened their mechanical performance [21]. Further research is proposed to solve those issues, through in-depth examinations of the rheological properties of LFS mastic [20].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In early research on asphalt mixtures with ladle furnace slag, Skaf et al [19] reported the results of binder drainage tests that verified the good adhesion of the LFS filler with the bitumen and demonstrated the water-resistant quality of the mastic in moisture susceptibility tests. They also noted that LFS had higher bitumen absorption than the standard materials.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to the promising results of those preliminary tests, compaction issues were also noted, due to higher void contents of the slag mixes [19,20] that slightly worsened their mechanical performance [21]. Further research is proposed to solve those issues, through in-depth examinations of the rheological properties of LFS mastic [20].…”

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Performance-Based Characterization of Bituminous Mortars Prepared With Ladle Furnace Steel Slag

et al. 2020

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A circular approach to managing resources that will promote their reuse and recycling is nowadays of crucial importance for a sustainable society. In this regard, the substitution of natural aggregates by steel slag in construction materials represents a promising option. In this paper, the use of Ladle Furnace Slag (LFS) as sustainable filler and fine aggregate for asphalt mixtures is studied. In particular, the evaluation of the LFS contribution in mastic and mortar mixes at mid-range and high-service temperatures is investigated, employing a dynamic shear rheometer to assess the main viscoelastic properties as well as the fatigue and the permanent deformation resistance of the blends. The experimental findings showed that the addition of LFS led to a clear stiffening effect, altering the chemo-physical interaction with the bitumen and producing an appreciable difference in complex stiffness moduli and phase angles. Regardless of the aging condition, the use of LFS lowered the linear viscoelastic limits and increased the elasticity of blends in the case of both mastics and mortars. It caused also a slightly higher thermal dependence of the linear viscoelastic properties even if the enhanced stiffness and elasticity produced appreciable improvements in the permanent deformation resistance. In contrast, a slight reduction of fatigue resistance was observed under the test conditions and was reasonably ascribed to the higher stiffness of LFS blends. Further research is needed to strengthen these promising results and to address the issues at a multiscale level, in particular to evaluate possible lower workability and reduced ductility due to the encountered higher stiffness of slag-based materials.Sustainability 2020, 12, 1777 2 of 17 to improve steel quality, such as metallurgy in the transportation ladles, used both in electric steelmaking and in converters, for carbon steel refining. The secondary Ladle Furnace (LF) metallurgical process mainly consists of deoxidation, desulfurization and refining. In the secondary phase, around 60-80 kg of a co-product, Ladle Furnace Slag (LFS), is recovered per ton of refined steel. In some cases, the LFS is reintroduced into the steel production process (hot recycling), by injection into both Electric Arc Furnace (EAF), as well as in the oxygen converter (BOF), reducing the need for lime as a raw material [3][4][5]. Despite this process, it is estimated that over two million tons of secondary slags per year are dumped in the EU alone [6].The LF slag from carbon steel production is a fine, gray, powdery material with a maximum nominal size of around 1-2 mm and a bulk density of 2.8 g/cm 3 . It is mainly composed of calcium and magnesium silicates and aluminates, as well as small quantities of non-combined lime and magnesia [7]. As a result of this chemical composition, it presents slight hydraulicity, which provides it with soft cementitious properties [8]. However, this effect is not usually sufficient for its use as a supplementary cementitious material per se [9] and variou...

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Performance-Based Characterization of Bituminous Mortars Prepared With Ladle Furnace Steel Slag

et al. 2020

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“…So, an outdoor weathering and some additional cautions are necessary to prevent the occurrence of any expansive phenomena [2][3][4][5][6]. In the last decades, important works on EAFS [7][8][9][10] and LFS characterization [11][12][13] have been published; it has been demonstrated the suitability of both slags in different applications, such as bituminous mixtures [14][15][16][17][18], concrete and mortars [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34], selfcompacting concrete [35][36][37], making clinker [38], soil stabilization [39][40][41] and others [42,43]. Despite these recycling possibilities, in Spain, approximately 23% of the electric slag is accumulated in landfill sites.…”

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Performance of steel-making slag concrete reinforced with fibers

et al. 2017

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Abstract. In this research, the possibility of making concrete reinforced with fibers and manufactured with recycled aggregates from carbon steel production was explored. Electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) was used as coarse and medium aggregate, and part of the sand sizes. Metallic and synthetic fibers were added in different amounts. Initially, the properties of EAFS and their suitability to be used in the manufacture fiber reinforced concrete were analysed. Then, a series of fiber reinforced concrete mixtures were developed incorporating EAFS, and they were compared with the reference mixtures, made with conventional components plus fibers and made with EAFS without fibers. A series of tests were performed, including concepts such as consistency, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, resistance to water penetration or toughness. The results show that it is possible to make a suitable steel-slag concrete reinforced with fibers, complying with the standard requirements for it use in pavements and slab, and improving their proprieties respect to the control mixtures.

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Ladle Furnace Slag: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Jacob

2023

ChemBioEng Reviews

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Ladle slag is a byproduct formed during the ladle refining stage of steel making. It is a dusty material that has been considered industrial waste. Technical advancements towards a sustainable industry led to the development of different applications for ladle slag. Depending on the processing methods during the steel slag production and the weathering of the slag post‐production, the elemental composition of the steel slag largely varies. Owing to this, its characteristics cannot be generalized and specific applications depending on the sources are developed. It is generally used in construction materials, soil rejuvenation, and CO2 capture. This paper reviews the production process, the mineralogical and morphological properties, stabilization techniques, and the applications of ladle furnace (LF) slag. One of the prime focuses of waste remediation and sustainable industry is to find meaningful ways to turn waste into products. In this respect, a comprehensive review of the properties of LF slag and its current application will help provide a framework for the development of future sustainability goals. With increased slag usage, the ladle refining process of steelmaking can be turned into a more carbon‐neutral process.

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Ladle furnace slag in asphalt mixes

Cited by 72 publications

References 57 publications

Performance-Based Characterization of Bituminous Mortars Prepared With Ladle Furnace Steel Slag

Performance-Based Characterization of Bituminous Mortars Prepared With Ladle Furnace Steel Slag

Performance of steel-making slag concrete reinforced with fibers

Ladle Furnace Slag: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

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