Lactobacillus casei Strain Shirota Enhances the Ability of Geniposide to Activate SIRT1 and Decrease Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Septic Mice

Abstract

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is rich in geniposide, which can be transformed into the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent genipin. Genipin exhibits greater efficacy than geniposide, but it is unstable and difficult to preserve. In this study, a mouse model for sepsis was established by cecal ligation and puncture, and then we explored the effects and mechanism of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) on the enhancement of the ability of geniposide to reduce sepsis and decrease inflammatory and oxidative levels in mice by the regulation of sirtuin type 1 (SIRT1). The mice were evaluated and analyzed by the open field test, Morris water maze test, flow cytometry, kit assay, qPCR, and western blot. The LcS + geniposide increased the survival rate in mice with sepsis, and increased the total travel distance, number of times the mice stood up, amount of time the mice spent grooming their fur, duration in the target quadrant, and crossing area number. The testing of mouse nerve cells showed that LcS + geniposide reduced the rate of nerve cell apoptosis caused by sepsis. LcS + geniposide also decreased the amount of inflammatory-related indicators of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and the oxidation-related levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the hippocampi of septic mice, and it increased the oxidase activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Additionally, LcS + geniposide increased the SOD1, SOD2, and CAT mRNA expression in the hippocampi of mice with sepsis and decreased the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, and p53 mRNA. LcS+geniposide also increased the SIRT1 protein expression and decreased the Ac-FOXO1, Ac-NF-κB, and Ac-p53 protein expression in the hippocampi of mice with sepsis. We also observed that LcS + geniposide decreased the inflammatory and oxidative damage in the mice with sepsis. The effect of LcS + geniposide was similar to that of the drug dexamethasone and stronger than the effect of geniposide utilized alone. LcS also enhanced the ability of geniposide to activate SIRT1 and decrease the inflammation and oxidative stress in the septic mice, and it achieved an effect same with that obtained by the use of the drug dexamethasone.

Evaluation of pharmaceutical care services in the Middle East Countries: a review of studies of 2013–2020

“…One of the goals that ensure continued Pharmaceutical Services is to secure patient satisfaction for services provided by either the pharmacist or the pharmacist’s clinical. Two studies [ 69 , 70 ] showed that all the patients considered counseling as an important service and were satisfied with it and how pharmacist with skills in pharmaceutical care and counseling could be useful in promoting the service and making it profitable for the pharmacy business as shown too in this study that all the participants had a positive perception of the pharmaceutical care services.…”

Transcriptional profiling of geniposide bioconversion into genipin during gardenia fructus extract fermentation by <i>Lactobacillus (Lactiplantibacillus) plantarum</i> SN13T

“…In fact, geniposide is hydrolyzed to genipin via the action of β-glucosidase produced by intestinal or fecal microbiota, and the in vitro enzymatic treatment of GF extract also improves its bioactivity [ 14 , 20 ]. Thus, some studies have reported that a combination of geniposide or GF extract with Lactobacillus strains enhanced their functional properties, such as anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammation in septic mice, an antioxidant effect in mouse liver injury, and an anti-proliferative effect in oral cancer cells [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Meanwhile, other studies have succeeded in enhancing the concentration of genipin using the immobilized bacterial enzyme glycosyl hydrolase family 3 β-glucosidase from L. antri or using immobilized fungal cells of Trichoderma reesei [ 25 , 26 ].…”

The Role of Probiotics in Skin Health and Related Gut–Skin Axis: A Review

“…A study suggested that Limosilactobacillus fermentum XJC60 could enhance mitochondrial capabilities, decrease ROS content in UV-damaged skin cells, and, therefore, keep the skin status [ 108 ]. In addition, new research has indicated antioxidant effect as the primary pathway by which Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103, LGG) [ 109 ] and Lacticaseibacillus casei strain Shirota improve skin photoaging [ 110 ].…”