Lactiplantibacillusplantarum ATG-K2 Exerts an Anti-Obesity Effect in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice by Modulating the Gut Microbiome

Abstract

Obesity is a major health problem. Compelling evidence supports the beneficial effects of probiotics on obesity. However, the anti-obesity effect of probiotics remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity effects and potential mechanisms of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATG-K2 using 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. 3T3-L1 cells were incubated to determine the effect of lipid accumulation with lysate of L. plantarum ATG-K2. Mice were fed a normal fat diet or HFD with L. plantarum ATG-K2 and Orlistat for 8 weeks. L. plantarum ATG-K2 inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and reduced body weight gain, WAT weight, and adipocyte size in HFD-induced obese mice, concurrently with the downregulation of PPARγ, SREBP1c, and FAS and upregulation of PPARα, CTP1, UCP1, Prdm16, and ND5. Moreover, L. plantarum ATG-K2 decreased TG, T-CHO, leptin, and TNF-α levels in the serum, with corresponding gene expression levels in the intestine. L. plantarum ATG-K2 modulated the gut microbiome by increasing the abundance of the Lactobacillaceae family, which increased SCFA levels and branched SCFAs in the feces. L. plantarum ATG-K2 exhibited an anti-obesity effect and anti-hyperlipidemic effect in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and HFD-induced obese mice by alleviating the inflammatory response and regulating lipid metabolism, which may be influenced by modulation of the gut microbiome and its metabolites. Therefore, L. plantarum ATG-K2 can be a preventive and therapeutic agent for obesity.

Anti-Obesity Effect of Kimchi with Starter Cultures in 3T3-L1 Cells

“…Six heat-killed LAB strains (10 8 CFU/ml) have shown no cytotoxicity in a previous study [ 30 ]. L. plantarum HAC01 and L. plantarum ATG-K2 show no cytotoxicity in LAB lysate studies up to 400 μg/ml [ 31 , 32 ]. Based on our cell viability results, a concentration of 10 7 CFU/ml was used in subsequent experiments.…”

Probiotic of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NWAFU-BIO-BS29 Isolated from Chinese Traditional Fermented Milk and Its Potential Therapeutic Applications Based on Gut Microbiota Regulation

“…Moreover, it would increase intestinal permeability, which causes metabolic endotoxemia and low-grade chronic inflammation through a Toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory pathway [ 44 ]. Animal experiments have reported that the gut microbiome diversity and its richness could be improved by the dietary intervention of some probiotics, which exert beneficial effects by modulating the gut microbiome and their metabolites [ 45 ]. In this study, the dietary treatment by NWAFU-BIO-BS29 led to the regulation of the gut microbiota of mice, which increased the abundance of Firmicutes, Patescibacteria, Campylobacterota, Deferribacterota, Proteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria phyla (see Figure 5 E) and decreased the abundance of Bacteroides and Desulfovibrio.…”

Ameliorative Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 Lysate on 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Differentiation via AMPK Activation and MAPK Inhibition

“…Moreover, Lactobacillus lysates enhance antitumor immune responses [ 21 ] and improve hypercholesterolemia [ 22 ]. Furthermore, previous studies have demonstrated that L. plantarum ATG-K2 lysate prevents adipocyte differentiation in vitro [ 23 ]. These results are in line with our finding that L. plantarum HAC01 lysate inhibits the differentiation of adipocytes, providing precedent for its use in treating obesity.…”

“…A lysate of L. plantarum HAC01 was obtained from AtoGen (AtoGen Co., Ltd., Daejeon, Korea) and prepared as previously described [ 16 , 23 ]. 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA).…”