Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus dfa1 Attenuate Cecal Ligation-Induced Systemic Inflammation through the Interference in Gut Dysbiosis, Leaky Gut, and Enterocytic Cell Energy

Abstract

Despite an uncommon condition, the clinical management of phlegmon appendicitis (retention of the intra-abdominal appendiceal abscess) is still controversial, and probiotics might be partly helpful. Then, the retained ligated cecal appendage (without gut obstruction) with or without oral Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus dfa1 (started at 4 days prior to the surgery) was used as a representative model. At 5 days post-surgery, the cecal-ligated mice demonstrated weight loss, soft stool, gut barrier defect (leaky gut using FITC-dextran assay), fecal dysbiosis (increased Proteobacteria with reduced bacterial diversity), bacteremia, elevated serum cytokines, and spleen apoptosis without kidney and liver damage. Interestingly, the probiotics attenuated disease severity as indicated by stool consistency index, FITC-dextran assay, serum cytokines, spleen apoptosis, fecal microbiota analysis (reduced Proteobacteria), and mortality. Additionally, impacts of anti-inflammatory substances from culture media of the probiotics were demonstrated by attenuation of starvation injury in the Caco-2 enterocyte cell line as indicated by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), inflammatory markers (supernatant IL-8 with gene expression of TLR4 and NF-κB), cell energy status (extracellular flux analysis), and the reactive oxygen species (malondialdehyde). In conclusion, gut dysbiosis and leaky-gut-induced systemic inflammation might be helpful clinical parameters for patients with phlegmon appendicitis. Additionally, the leaky gut might be attenuated by some beneficial molecules from probiotics.

Less Severe Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Conditional mgmt-Deleted Mice with LysM-Cre System: The Loss of DNA Repair in Macrophages

“…Additionally, macrophage injury, including increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death after LPS-induced activation, might be partly due to DNA damage [ 87 , 88 ]. Mice with acute endotoxemia [ 21 , 89 ] or with chronic LPS elevation (a possible LPS tolerance) displayed increased spleen apoptosis [ 56 ] similar to the in vitro apoptosis of immune cells after LPS stimulation [ 90 ]. Although dihydroethidium (DHE; a representative ROS) and mitochondrial injury (reduced maximal respiratory capacity) was worse in the mgmt null and control macrophages after both types of activation (single and double LPS), DHE was more profound in the mgmt null groups, especially with LPS tolerance ( Figure 4 ).…”

Kazachstania pintolopesii in Blood and Intestinal Wall of Macrophage-Depleted Mice with Cecal Ligation and Puncture, the Control of Fungi by Macrophages during Sepsis

“…Kidney injury scores were determined by tubular cell damage with the scores as previously published [31,32], including, 0; no damage, 1; 0-25% tubular damage, 2; 25-50% tubular damage, 3; 50-75% tubular damage, and 4; 75-100% tubular damage. Liver damage was determined based on inflammation and hepatocyte necrosis with the following scores, including 0 (no finding); 1 (mild); 2 (moderate); and 3 (severe) [25,[33][34][35]. Colon damage scores were evaluated using the Geboes Score (GS) based on the erosions or ulcerations, mononuclear cell infiltration, and structural alterations with scores ranging from 0-5 [36].…”

Postbiotics of Naturally Fermented Synbiotic Mixture of Rice Water Aids in Promoting Colonocyte Health

“…Several studies have highlighted the role of probiotics in restoring intestinal homeostasis [ 1 , 9 , 10 ]. Probiotic bioactives have been implicated in modulating several cellular signalling pathways in response to the environmental stimuli [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. It is known that there is a rich diversity and distribution of microbial species throughout the intestinal system.…”