Lactation Performance of Mothers With Contrasting Nutritional Status in Rural Kenya

Steenbergen, W. M. van; Kusin, J. A.; Lackó, Erzsébet; Jansen, A. A. J.

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1983.tb09820.x

Cited by 36 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…1), which is in agreement with previous studies [9][10][11]. The pair-fed group showed the highest transcript levels for h-casein and WAP, but the low-zinc group showed no effect on the expression of these proteins (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…Previous studies [9][10][11]34] and the results of this study show that total milk protein concentration does not seem to be affected by suboptimal maternal nutrition. However, there are probably situations when some specific proteins increase and others decrease in concentration, although not significantly affecting total protein concentration in the milk [35,36].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 39%

“…Coward et al [9] analyzed the impact of poor nutrition during human lactation and concluded that it appears that suboptimal nutrition has little, if any, effect on the protein concentration of human milk. Additional studies performed in The Gambia [10] and Kenya [11] did not find lower milk protein concentrations in poorly nourished women compared with well-nourished women. However, two short-term and small-scale studies have showed that reduced protein intake can lead to changes in milk composition [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Effect of suboptimal nutrition during lactation on milk protein gene expression in the rat

Zubieta

Lönnerdal

2006

The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 39%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Effect of suboptimal nutrition during lactation on milk protein gene expression in the rat

Zubieta

Lönnerdal

2006

The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry

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“…Indeed, there are very few data on the nutritional value of breast milk during prolonged (Ͼ1-year) lactation. A Medline search using the key words "lactation" or "breast milk" or "human milk" or "breastfeeding" and "duration" and "composition" revealed only 8 articles, of which 7 originated from developing countries [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] and only 2 dealt with issues of milk composition. 20,21 The largest study on the topic, by Dewey et al, 22 found that "fat .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fat and Energy Contents of Expressed Human Breast Milk in Prolonged Lactation

et al. 2005

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ABSTRACT. Objective. To estimate fat and energy contents of human milk during prolonged lactation.Methods. Thirty-four mothers, of term, healthy, growing children, who had been lactating for >1 year (12-39 months) were recruited. Control subjects were 27 mothers, of term infants, who had been lactating for 2 to 6 months. Fat contents of the milk samples were estimated as creamatocrit (CMT) levels. Energy contents of the milk were measured with a bomb calorimeter.Results. The groups did not differ in terms of maternal height and diet, infant birth weight, gestational age, or breastfeeding frequency. They differed significantly in terms of maternal age, maternal weight, and BMI. The mean CMT levels were 7.36 ؎ 2.65% in the short-duration group and 10.65 ؎ 5.07% in the long-lactation group. The mean energy contents were 3103.7 ؎ 863.2 kJ/L in the short-duration group and 3683.2 ؎ 1032.2 kJ/L in the long-duration group. The mean CMT levels and mean energy contents were correlated significantly with the duration of lactation (R 2 ‫؍‬ 0.22 and R 2 ‫؍‬ 0.23, respectively). In multivariate regression analysis, CMT levels (or energy contents) were not influenced by maternal age, diet, BMI, or number of daily feedings but remained significantly influenced by the duration of lactation.Conclusions. Human milk expressed by mothers who have been lactating for >1 year has significantly increased fat and energy contents, compared with milk expressed by women who have been lactating for shorter periods. During prolonged lactation, the fat energy contribution of breast milk to the infant diet might be significant. T he optimal duration of breastfeeding is unknown. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and a total duration of Ն1 year to obtain the "full benefits of breastfeeding." 1 Among frequently recognized long-term benefits of breastfeeding are reductions in cardiovascular risks in adulthood. 1,2 These reductions were challenged by a retrospective epidemiologic study of men born in 1920 to 1930 in Hertfordshire, England, which suggested that the beneficial effects of breastfeeding on cardiovascular risks existed as long as weaning was performed before 1 year of age; after that time, continued breastfeeding was associated paradoxically with increased cardiovascular risks. 2 Moreover, a study by Leeson et al 3 suggested that prolonged breastfeeding might lead to unwelcome outcomes and might even increase cardiovascular risks in adulthood.In developed countries, a minority of women continue to lactate for Ͼ1 year; in one study from Italy, 17% of mothers were still breastfeeding at 12 months after delivery. 4 The energy contribution of human milk (HM) to the diet of partially breastfed children beyond the first year of life is unknown, because there are no data on the amounts of HM consumed by these children and the nutritional content of HM after prolonged breastfeeding is little known. In particular, the fat and energy contents of HM after prolonged breastfeeding have not been analyz...

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“…On the basis of information on the distribution of body mass index in Australian women35 it was estimated that a sample of at least 300 breast feeding women was required to detect a relative risk of 1 5 for earlier cessation of breast feeding, with 80% power and a significance level of 5%, in women with a body mass index above 25 compared with those with one in the normal range (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). In order to obtain a group of this size, all women whose first infant was born between May 1 1984 and April 30 1985, who chose to breast feed and who were attending an infant welfare centre in the Barwon region of Victoria were invited to participate in the study.…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body mass index and duration of breast feeding: a survival analysis during the first six months of life.

Rutishauser

Carlin

1992

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

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Study objective-The aim was to determine whether excess weight in lactating women is associated with earlier cessation of breastfeeding.Design-The study was a prospective cohort analysis using a community sample of women.Setting-Geelong the regional centre of the Barwon Region of Victoria, Australia, in 1984-85. Subjects-All women who were breast feeding and whose first infant was born between 1 May 1984 and 30 April 1985 were asked to participate. Of these, 739 women participated, a response rate of 81%.Main results-Smoking, mother's age and occupation, the time the infant was first put to the breast, and mother's body mass index at one month postpartum all exerted statistically significant independent effects on the duration of breast feeding, assessed using Cox's proportional hazards regression modelling. The strongest effects were for smoking, with an adjusted relative risk for cessation ofbreast feeding of2 5 (95% CI 1-9 to 3X1) for 10 cigarettes per day v no smoking, and maternal age, with relative risk of2 2 (95% CI 1 5 to 3 1) for a 20 year old mother relative to a 30 year old. The relative risk for women with a body mass index above 26 was 15 (95% CI 1-1 to 2 0).Conclusions-Excess weight at one month postpartum, as determined by a body mass index above the normal range, was found to be an independent risk factor for early cessation of breast feeding and together with smoking, maternal age, occupation, and the time the infant is first put to the breast can be used to identify, early in the postpartum period, those women most likely to benefit from counselling in order to breast feed their infants successfully. 7 Epidemiol Community Health 1992; 46: 559-565 Although there has been a marked increase in the prevalence of breast feeding in Australia and other industrialised countries since the early 1970s1-5 many mothers who leave hospital breast feeding their infants have stopped breast feeding by three months postpartum. and have generally shown only small differences between women from affluent and developing countries despite large differences in reported energy intakes and nutritional status.28 29 Duration of breast feeding in relation to maternal nutritional status does not appear to have been specifically studied in well nourished women in industrialised countries. It has, however, been reported that successful breast feeding in this context is associated with an increase in appetite, an increased energy intake, and a lower rate of maternal weight loss while breast feeding,3032and also that mothers advised to increase their energy intake while breast feeding weaned their infants significantly later than mothers who did not receive such advice.33The hypothesis tested in this study, namely that a body mass index above the normal range in lactating women is associated with earlier cessation of breast feeding and an increased prevalence of "insufficient milk syndrome", arose from a small prospective study, carried out in 1981 in Geelong, a regional centre of 150 000 people 80 km southwest o...

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Lactation Performance of Mothers With Contrasting Nutritional Status in Rural Kenya

Cited by 36 publications

References 9 publications

Effect of suboptimal nutrition during lactation on milk protein gene expression in the rat

Effect of suboptimal nutrition during lactation on milk protein gene expression in the rat

Fat and Energy Contents of Expressed Human Breast Milk in Prolonged Lactation

Body mass index and duration of breast feeding: a survival analysis during the first six months of life.

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