“…For stimulation or inhibition assays, fibroblasts were cultured in a medium containing TGF-β1 (10 ng/mL, 240-B-002, R&D Systems, Minneapolis) for 48 h, 17 LDN-57444 (UCHL1 inhibitor, S7135, Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX) for 48 h, 18 MK-2206 2HCl (Akt inhibitor, S1078, Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX) for 36 h, 19 rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor, 553211, Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA) for 24 h, 20 or PX-478 2HCl (HIF-1α inhibitor, S7612, Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX) for 24 h, 21 and IGF-1 (10598-HNAE, Sino Biological Inc, Beijing, China) for 24 h 22,23 as previously reported.…”