Lactate production and neurotransmitters; evidence from microdialysis studies

Hyperglycemia modulates extracellular amyloid-β concentrations and neuronal activity in vivo

“…We found that hyperglycemia increased ISF Aβ specifically, while the total amount of Aβ 40 and Aβ 42 within the brain did not change (Supplemental Figure 3). Due to the astrocyte neuron lactate shuttle, extracellular lactate can be used as a marker of neuronal activity, and previous work shows that it increases in concert with ISF Aβ (13,(20)(21)(22). ISF lactate increased during glucose clamps, suggesting hyperglycemia increases both neuronal activity and ISF Aβ ( Figure 1G and Supplemental Figure 4).…”

Serotonin-1A Receptors and Cognitive Enhancement in Schizophrenia: Role for Brain Energy Metabolism

“…According to the "astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis" (Laughton et al 2007, Pellerin 2003, lactate is produced in a neural activity-dependent and glutamate-mediated manner by astrocytes, and is transferred to and used by active neurons (reviewed in Uehara et al 2008) (Fig. 7).…”

Neuroprotective effects of lactate in brain ischemia: Dependence on anesthetic drugs

“…First, lactate was shown to be formed during physiologic stimulation of neuronal activity, for instance in the human visual cortex (Prichard et al, 1991) or in rat striatum after tail pinch (Fray et al, 1996). Lactate is now known to be formed upon stimulation of various neurotransmitter receptors (Uehara et al, 2008) and even to contribute to cognitive functions and memory formation (Suzuki et al, 2011). Second, lactate can replace glucose e.g.…”