Lacrimation in the neonatal and early infancy period of premature and full-term infants

Penbharkkul, Saree; Karelitz, Samuel; Holland, Beatrice; Scarlett, Ethel

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(62)80196-6

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Although the occurrence of crying is variable within and between individuals, surveys indicate that women cry more than men do (De Fruyt, 1996;Vingerhoets & Scheirs, 2000;van Hemert et al 2011;Kraemer & Hastrup, 1986). And children, especially infants, cry more than adults do (Bell & Ainsworth, 1972;Vingerhoets, 2013), although newborns generally do not produce emotional tears for the first one to two months (Penbharkkul et al, 1962). Note that although reflex tears and emotional tears originate in the same gland, reflex tears developmentally precede emotional tears (Murube 2009) for reasons that are not yet well understood (see Rottenberg & Vingerhoets, 2012).…”

Section: Do Emotional Tears Have Signaling Functions?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional tears: What they are and how they work

Sznycer

Gračanin²,

Lieberman³

2023

Preprint

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Tears serve ophthalmic functions: They lubricate, nourish, and protect the cornea. Tearers produce tears non-permanently and at relatively low cost. And observers pay attention to the eyes of others and extract from eyes and faces a lot of information about others’ stable and transient characteristics, including their mental states. These background conditions may have led to the evolution in the human lineage of additional signaling functions in tears. Emotional tearing occurs during negative events (e.g., injuries) and positive events (e.g., achievements). Episodes of tearing appear to be united by tearers’ subjective imputation of negative or positive value to certain internal or external events. Knowing the degree to which things enhance or diminish one’s prospects—the value of things—is a pressing matter for humans and other organisms. Value information is produced for internal consumption, to be used by behavior-regulating mechanisms in the focal individual. But some value information is made available, in addition, to other people, through tearing and other forms of verbal and non-verbal communication. Tearing may function as an implicit plea for receivers to minimize the costs imposed on the tearer by nature, by third-parties, or by the receivers themselves—common when the tearer has lower formidability or wherewithal than receivers do. In addition, tearing may exhort receivers to infer and register which things the tearer values, positively or negatively. Here, we characterize tears, describe the game-theoretic logic of bargaining from a position of weakness, outline the computational systems that regulate the production of and responses to emotional tears, and review findings about emotional tearing that are relevant to the signaling hypothesis.

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Section: Do Emotional Tears Have Signaling Functions?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional tears: What they are and how they work

Sznycer

Gračanin²,

Lieberman³

2023

Preprint

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“…Human infants, like infants of other species, produce a distress cry that solicits protection and comfort from adults. Unique to humans, after a few months of life, tear production during distress vocalisation begins, and the suite of actions that form crying remains in the repertoire of social signals throughout adulthood (Penbharkkul & Karelitz, 1962 ). The signal must have some adaptive value that begins in infancy and extends into adulthood.…”

Section: Cryingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The origin of smiling, laughing, and crying: The defensive mimic theory

Graziano

2022

Evolut. Hum. Sci.

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Why do we leak lubricant from the eyes to solicit comfort from others? Why do we bare our teeth and crinkle our faces to express nonaggression? The defensive mimic theory proposes that a broad range of human emotional expressions evolved originally as exaggerated, temporally extended mimics of the fast, defensive reflexes that normally protect the body surface. Defensive reflexes are so important to survival that they cannot be safely suppressed; yet they also broadcast information about an animal's internal state, information that can potentially be exploited by other animals. Once others can observe and exploit an animal's defensive reflexes, it may be advantageous to the animal to run interference by creating mimic defensive actions, thereby manipulating the behavior of others. Through this interaction over millions of years, many human emotional expressions may have evolved. Here, human social signals including smiling, laughing, and crying, are compared component-by-component to the known, well-studied features of primate defensive reflexes. It is suggested that the defensive mimic theory can adequately account for the physical form of not all, but a large range of human emotional expression.

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Newborns Do Secrete Tears

Apt¹,

Cullen²

1964

JAMA

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Lacrimation in the neonatal and early infancy period of premature and full-term infants

Cited by 11 publications

References 12 publications

Emotional tears: What they are and how they work

Emotional tears: What they are and how they work

The origin of smiling, laughing, and crying: The defensive mimic theory

Newborns Do Secrete Tears

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