Background and Purpose-Many patients do not receive prevention consistent with recommendations after stroke, but the relative importance of patient-and physician-related factors is uncertain. Methods-We prospectively assessed factors associated with blood pressure (BP) Ͻ140/90 mm Hg and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol Ͻ1 g/L in a collaborative cohort of 240 consecutive patients experiencing stroke/transient ischemic attack (Rankin Ͻ4; Յ80 years; no major comorbidity) from a stroke unit and 3 emergency departments. A standardized assessment of risk factors was performed 6 and 12 months after the initial event by an investigator who was not involved in the usual follow-up of patients. Results-At 6 months, 41% of patients with diagnosed hypertension at inclusion had their BP Ͻ140/90 mm Hg and 55% of those with diagnosed hypercholesterolemia had their LDL Ͻ1 g/L. Adherence to treatment was excellent in 81% of patients. In univariate and multivariate analyses, initiation or reinforcement of appropriate treatments during hospitalization were the main factors associated with BP Ͻ140/90 mm Hg (ORϭ2.44; 95% CI: 1.20 to 4.97) and LDL Ͻ1 g/L (ORϭ3.36; 1.27 to 8.89) or with decrease in BP and LDL. Patients' sociodemographic characteristics, education, income, knowledge of disease, and risk factors were not associated with control of BP or LDL. Among patients with BP Ն140/90 mm Hg, approximately 40% received either no treatment or one drug only, and treatment was reinforced in 20% of them only. Results were similar at 12 months with no improvement in the rate of control of risk factors. Conclusion-Therapeutic inertia is an important impediment to achieve BP and LDL control goals after stroke, even in fairly motivated/adherent patients. In-hospital initiation of preventive therapies could improve quality of secondary stroke prevention in the long term. (Stroke. 2008;39:1834-1843.)