Lack of macronutrients in Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake (Myrtaceae) seedlings affects feed and development of Podisus nigrispinus (Hemiptera: pentatomidae)

Abstract

ABSTRACT:Several studies have reported the importance of phytophagy in the history of life from predator stinkbugs. However, knowledge of the nutrients acquired by these insects, from plant materials, is scarce. The phytophagy studies of zoophytophagous predators benefit biological control programs, making them more effective, since the best resources may be offered to these insects, increasing the potential for predation and, thus obtaining, success in pest control. Thus, this study investigated the development and zoophytophagy of predator Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in eucalyptus seedlings, deficient in macronutrients. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and the treatments consisted of individual nitrogen omission, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur nutrient solution, where the eucalyptus seedlings were being conducted. The pupae of Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Teneobridae) were offered ad libitum. The results of this experiment demonstrated the importance of nutrition in plants for the development and predation of P. nigrispinus. The plants deficient in nitrogen and magnesium reduce the predation efficiency of this zoophytophagous. The omission of calcium, magnesium and sulfur adversely affected the development of this insect predator, extending its immature stages. The proper nutritional balance of the plants is essential for the success in biological control programs that use zoophytophagous predators.

Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae) fed on transgenic maize can transfer Bt proteins to Podisus nigrispinus (Pentatomidae)

“…Predators Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), and Harmonia axyridis (Palias, 1733) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) obtain 1 % to 30 % of the Bt protein from the prey Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), demonstrating that these proteins are diluted at higher trophic levels (Meissle and Romeis, 2018). Podisus nigrispinus is a zoophytophgous predator because it also feeds on plant sap to obtain water and additional nutrients (Peluzio et al, 2018;Vieira et al, 2018) thus acquiring a higher concentrations of Bt proteins than zoophagous predators.…”

“…Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas, 1851) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) naturally occurs in a variety of agroecosystems and is the most common species of Asopinae in Brazil, also used for biological control in agricultural and forestry systems (Zanuncio et al, 2016). In addition to feeding on prey, P. nigrispinus has the habit of sucking parts of plants to obtain water and minerals (Torres et al, 2010;Vieira et al, 2018), such behavior increases the risk of contact with Cry toxins when exposed to Bt plants. For these predatory insects, exposure to Cry proteins can cause physiological damage, affecting behavior, development, and longevity (Cunha et al, 2013;Jesus et al, 2014;Carvalho et al, 2018;Marques et al, 2018).…”