Lack of Genic Diversity Within and Among Populations of an Endangered Plant, <i>Howellia aquatilis</i>

Lesica, Peter; Leary, Robb F.; Allendorf, Fred W.; Bilderback, D. E.

doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00184.x

Cited by 118 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…A past genetic bottleneck has been hypothesized for the species. Neither Pedicularisfurbishiae (Waller et al 1987), a federally listed endangered species, nor Howellia aquatilis (Lesica et al 1988), an endangered species candidate, show variability at any loci within or among the populations analyzed. The former species is subject to frequent extinction/recolonization events, and the latter species can experi-ence dramatic fluctuations in population size.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

GENETIC ANALYSIS OF A RARE AND A WIDESPREAD SPECIES OF ECHINACEA (ASTERACEAE)

1994

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180BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS S2 = NX = B) becomes equivalent to Pr(SI = A and S2 = A) [see formula (I»). In this case, therefore, the character state shared by the sister species yields no information about the character state oftheir common ancestor.We can use these results to obtain the error probability Z for all t. We need calculate only Pr(S 1 = A and S2 = A), which, from above, is equal to Pr(X = B)V,V 2 + [I -Pr(X = B») V, V 2 , where the subscripts refer to SI and S2. Thus, by (I),We can now examine Z for the special case in which there is no prior knowledge of the ancestor's state, that is, Pr(X = B) = Ih. In this case, Z = V,V 2 / ( V,V 2 + VI V 2 ) . As can be seen in figure I, the probability of erroneously assigning the character state of two descendant species to a common ancestor can be substantial, particularly when t is large and when a is greater than b (e.g., when selection favors trait A in the environments of both descendant species).This error probability would clearly decrease as the number ofdescendant species sharing a common character state increases. However, a generalization of the above model to the case ofN descendant species shows that, even when a few within-species transitions occur, the error probability can be large even for many descendant species sharing the trait. Suppose for sim- Evolution. 48(1), 1994, pp. 180-188 plicity that the N descendant species simultaneously branch off from their common ancestor and follow independent evolutionary trajectories, each characterized by the same transition probability matrix. The error probability Z in our example is equal to Z = VN/ (VN + VN). Figure 2 show that even two expected transitions within a lineage leads to a very high error probability (even when transitions from a to band b to a are equiprobable) unless the number ofdescendant taxa is very large. For example, an error probability of0.20 or less requires 40 descendant taxa when there are two expected transitions per lineage and requires 2241 descendant taxa when there are only four expected transitions per lineage. Thus, even when many descendant taxa share a character state, the inference through cladistic optimization that their common ancestor must have exhibited that character state is potentially extremely error prone when within-taxa transitions are probable. Now suppose that character state transitions among descendant lineages are perfectly positively correlated (see text). The probability that all descendant taxa will exhibit state A t time units after beginning in B is simply equal to V. Because V/(V + V) > VN/(VN + VN) for N > 2, if V < V (as will occur if a < I -b), positively correlated transition sequences among related taxa can inflate the probability of erroneously inferring the ancestral state from parsimony.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

GENETIC ANALYSIS OF A RARE AND A WIDESPREAD SPECIES OF ECHINACEA (ASTERACEAE)

1994

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“…Past bottlenecks appear to reduce electrophoretic variation in natural populations of some species of plants (Fowler & Morris, 1977;Lesica et al, 1988). In other species, however, founder events decrease only slightly allelic polymorphism and have a minimal effect on heterozygosity (Taggart et a!., 1990;Betancourt et a!., 1991).…”

Section: Discussion Fluctuations In Population Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing the genetic structure of Phacelia dubia, a species with a seed bank and large fluctuations in population size

Castillo

1994

Heredity

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The potential factors that may influence the genetic structure of the gynodioecious annual Phacelia dubia were assessed using electrophoretic and ecological information at a locality in which the population size changed by about three orders of magnitude. Fluctuations in population size appeared to have little influence on the allelic composition, heterozygosity and mixed mating system of the population. Despite wide fluctuations in total population size, the estimated effective population size during (Ne =20) and after the bottleneck (N = 28) was little changed. Also, a significant spatial substructuring, evidenced by a dine in MDH and by the F-statistics, was observed before and after the bottleneck. The recovery of the population and the preservation of genetic diversity was attributable in part to the seed bank in the soil. Spatial gene flow via seeds was small compared with pollen flow and both were restricted. Nevertheless, substructuring contributes to a small portion of the total inbreeding. Also, the rate of apparent selfing of male steriles did not provide evidence of biparental inbreeding. Most of the inbreeding, however, was within subpopulations and autogamy appears to be the major contributor. It was concluded that the mating system is the leading factor determining the genetic structure and that the seed bank ensures genetic constancy in time in the face of large fluctuations in population size.

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“…The results shown above are not consistent with the viewpoint that the level of genetic diversity is low in many endangered species. 22) At the same time, we detected 16 specific authentication bands, and established ISSR authentication codes for each D. officinale population which greatly enhanced the efficiency of population authentication. Thus ISSR-PCR technology is a reliable, fast, and cost-effective marker system that can be widely used to analyze plant genetic diversity and construct a DNA fingerprint map.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18) Recently, several molecular methods such as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragmentlength polymorphism (AFLP), and simple sequence repeats (SSR) techniques have been widely used for the population identification of medicinal materials. [19][20][21][22] Nevertheless, the application of these methods is hindered because of the lengthy experimental period. Since 1994, ISSR has gradually become more common and has found widespread application.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intersimple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) Molecular Fingerprinting Markers for Authenticating Populations of Dendrobium officinale KIMURA et MIGO

Shen

Ding

Liu

et al. 2006

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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(previous name: Dendrobium candidum WALL. ex LINDL. 2)) is an endangered species in China and ranked "the first of the nine Chinese fairy herbs." The stems of D. officinale have been used as a traditional Chinese tonic medicine called Tiepi Fengdou 3) for hundreds of years. It can benefit human health in many aspects, such as nourishing yin and clearing away unhealthy heat, benefiting the stomach, promoting the production of body fluid, resisting cancer and prolonging life 1,3) This treasured herb is in severe shortage, making it expensive; the highest grade costs ¥12000-30000 per kg. 4)In our previous studies, rDNA ITS regions of D. officinale and other four adulterant species were sequenced. A pair of allele-specific diagnostic primers was designed to authenticate D. officinale from the other species based on rDNA ITS sequences of D. officinale and the other 37 species of Dendrobium.5,6) Recently, we have focused on the authentication of D. officinale populations using DNA molecular markers, which will lay the foundation for the selection of high-quality population resources.Intersimple sequence repeats (ISSR) have become a good DNA molecular marker for research on populations of the same species, a technique established based on PCR by Zietkiewicz et al. in 1994. 7) The main advantages of ISSR are: no need for DNA sequence information prior to amplification, low cost, simple operation, high stability, and abundance of genomic information. Because of these reasons, ISSR are being used for population authentication and population molecular ecology studies. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] The present study was undertaken with the objective of establishing specific molecular markers using ISSR for authenticating eight wild D. officinale populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant MaterialsAll materials used in this study were collected in China. Voucher samples were identified by Dr. Xiaoyu Ding and preserved by means of tissue culture in the College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University. Wherever possible, three to five individuals were sampled from each population. The details are shown in Table 1.DNA Extraction Complete genomic DNA samples were extracted from fresh leaves using Dneasy Plant Mini Kits (QIAGEN), the concentrations of the DNA samples were measured spectrophotometrically, and each sample was diluted to 20 ng ml Ϫ1 with TE buffer for PCR amplification. Selection of Primers To select suitable primers for the study of populations of D. officinale, 76 ISSR primers, which were all purchased from Sangon Co., Ltd., China, were screened using two DNA samples. From the preliminary screening, 32 primers that could amplify visible bands were selected for further examination. Eventually, 10 ISSR primers that produced clear and reproducible bands were selected for the amplification of all DNA samples (Table 2).ISSR Profiling ISSR amplifications were carried out in a 25 ml volume containing Tris-HCl 10 mM, KCl 10 mM, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 8 mM (pH 9.0), MgCl 2 1.2-1.8 mM, Taq DNA polymerase1.5 U, dNTP 80 mM, pri...

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Lack of Genic Diversity Within and Among Populations of an Endangered Plant, Howellia aquatilis

Cited by 118 publications

References 27 publications

GENETIC ANALYSIS OF A RARE AND A WIDESPREAD SPECIES OF ECHINACEA (ASTERACEAE)

GENETIC ANALYSIS OF A RARE AND A WIDESPREAD SPECIES OF ECHINACEA (ASTERACEAE)

Factors influencing the genetic structure of Phacelia dubia, a species with a seed bank and large fluctuations in population size

Intersimple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) Molecular Fingerprinting Markers for Authenticating Populations of Dendrobium officinale KIMURA et MIGO

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