Laccase-loaded functionalized graphene oxide assemblies with improved biocatalytic properties and decolorization performance

Applications and immobilization strategies of the copper-centred laccase enzyme; a review

“…It also enables recycling and reuse of enzymatically treated effluents which drastically decreases water consumption and reduces pollution [ 111 , 375 ]. The properties of the immobilized enzyme are determine by the properties of the support (such as hydrophobicity, surface charge, density of binding sites, and level of support activation) and the immobilization procedure while the operational efficiency of any immobilization system depends on the amount of enzyme retained by the system [ 359 , 376 , 377 ]. Also, the stability of an immobilized enzyme upon storage and repeated use determine its effectiveness in continuous processes [ 237 ].…”

“…The surfaces of graphene can be modified or derivatized to obtain congeners such as graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanomaterials [ 485 ] and hydrogels or xerogels [ 488 ]. The use of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide to immobilize laccase have provided simple and less aggressive techniques [ 340 , 377 ]. Due to its high hydrophilicity and tendency to agglomerate, graphene and its derivatives are combined with other nanomaterials such as Fe 3 O 4 [ 382 , 489 , 490 ], CuFe 2 O4 [ 486 ], zeolite [ 491 ], PANI [ 338 ], MWNTs [ 492 , 493 ], cellulose [ 494 ], zirconium-metal organic framework (Zr-MOF) [ 214 ], and Sb 2 O5 [ 337 ] to aid its recovery.…”

“…PVA based materials have been used to entrap enzymes especially for biosensor applications due to their low cost, stability, recyclability, biocompatibility, and easy manipulation with different activation methods for enzyme immobilization [ 377 , 560 , 561 ]. Also PVA polymers are reported to have high mechanical strength which is an important attribute for an enzyme support [ 118 ].…”

“…However, PVA is susceptible to deformation at higher temperatures hence the biocatalyst can only be used for low temperature reactions [ 560 ]. To overcome that, PVA has been combined with other supports such as halloysite nanotubes [ 564 ], metal organic frameworks [ 561 ], alginate [ 377 ], xylan [ 565 ] and mesoporous silica [ 328 ].…”

Recent Advances in Enzyme Immobilisation Strategies: An Overview of Techniques and Composite Carriers

“…These qualities make them perfect for the application of nanocarriers for enzyme immobilisation [162]. Noreen et al [163] demonstrated that functionalised graphene oxide with laccase resulted in enhanced biocatalytic capabilities and decolourisation efficiency. The immobilised laccase showed better thermal stability compared to the free enzyme at 70 • C, maintaining almost 40% of its relative activity, while the free enzyme preserved just 5.2% under the same experimental conditions.…”