"Laccase as Key Enzyme Among: Fungi-Pollutant- Environment and Sustainable Development Goals Nexus"

Abstract

Pollution from industrial development has led to the production of various deadly substances of refractory classes such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, toxic dyes, pesticides, and heavy metals. Their toxicity and mutagenicity affect humans, plants, and aquatic organisms. Biodegradation, of course, takes place by fungi, which means that complex organic compounds are broken down into simpler inorganic forms. Although these organisms utilize these organisms as an energy source, bioremediation is a human-designed technology that uses microbes through techniques of natural attenuation, biostimulation, or bioaugmentation to enhance their capabilities to reduce pollutants. Various microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa can degrade environmental contaminant with promising capacity. In order for degrading fungi to achieve the highest biodegradation rate under optimal conditions, certain parameters must be set. These factors are biological factors such as bioavailability, nutrient availability, crop type and microbial type, and environmental factors such as pH, temperature, oxygen availability and contaminant concentrations. The biodegradation mechanism mainly depends on microbial enzymes such as oxidoreductases, hydrolases, peroxidases, oxygenases, proteases, lipases and varnishes. Genetically engineered microbes are used to further enhance contaminant remediation, ensuring safe biodegradation by commensal microbes.