Labored Learning: The Outing System at Sherman Institute, 1902-1930

Whalen, Kevin

doi:10.17953/aicr.36.1.d735320t03u5845u

Cited by 3 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Most were students or alumni of the University of California, Riverside. Finally, I shared my own work, which argues that Sherman's "outing system" functioned as an employment agency at the behest of labor-starved farmers and ranchers in Southern California, often sending students to work under undesirable conditions for discount wages (Whalen, 2012). He argued that officials from the city of Riverside and administrators at Sherman Institute cooperated to make the school a tourist destination.…”

Section: A Boarding School Revisitedmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Over the past two decades, her archival stewardship has facilitated the production of a growing body of articles (Sakiestewa Gilbert, 2005;Whalen, 2012), dissertations (Loupe, 2005;Medina, 2008), and books (Keller, 2002;Sakiestewa Gilbert, 2010;Trafzer, Keller, & Sisquoc, 2006;Trafzer, Sakiestewa Gilbert, & Sisquoc, 2012) on Sherman Institute. There, on the palm-laden corner of Magnolia and Jackson Avenues, sits the Sherman Indian Museum.…”

Section: A Boarding School Revisitedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Commissioner of Indian Affairs Francis Leupp-who otherwise opposed Pratt's plan for the total assimilation of tribal peoples-referred to the outing system as "the great monument of his life's work" (Pratt, 1964, p. xiii). And after a day of topping sugar beets or cutting and bailing hay, many slept outside or in barns crowded with tired workers (Whalen, 2012). At the boarding schools in Riverside, California, and Phoenix, Arizona, such fears proved well founded.…”

Section: Student Labormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They earned wages similar to those garnered by migrant workers. And after a day of topping sugar beets or cutting and bailing hay, many slept outside or in barns crowded with tired workers (Whalen, 2012).…”

Section: Student Labormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sisquoc is of Cahuilla and Apache descent, and her family tree is dotted with alumni and employees from the early days at Sherman Institute. Over the past two decades, her archival stewardship has facilitated the production of a growing body of articles (Sakiestewa Gilbert, 2005; Whalen, 2012), dissertations (Loupe, 2005; Medina, 2008), and books (Keller, 2002; Sakiestewa Gilbert, 2010; Trafzer, Keller, & Sisquoc, 2006; Trafzer, Sakiestewa Gilbert, & Sisquoc, 2012) on Sherman Institute.…”

Section: A Boarding School Revisitedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Finding the Balance

Whalen

2013

American Behavioral Scientist

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Since mid-1990s, scholars of Indian education have placed increasing emphasis on indigenous approaches to federal Indian boarding schools during the early 20th century. Where earlier studies emphasized the design and operation of boarding schools, more recent literature often examines how Native students, families, and communities sometimes used the schools to access employment, offset financial hardship, and gain new skills and perspectives. To some, scholarly emphasis on "the brighter side of boarding schools" covers over the hardship and loss brought about by institutions created to eradicate Native American cultures and identities. In this article, I address a central question: How can scholars of Indian education illuminate Native approaches to boarding schools without underplaying the tremendous cultural loss they inflicted on indigenous communities? Drawing on the expansive secondary literature on federal Indian education and primary source documents from Sherman Institute, a federal Indian boarding school in Riverside, California, I argue that studies of Indian education can benefit from deeper consideration of the concept of "cultural genocide" and careful attention to Native voices of the past and present.

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Section: A Boarding School Revisitedmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: A Boarding School Revisitedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Student Labormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Student Labormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Boarding School Revisitedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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