Laboratory toxicity and large-scale commercial validation of the efficacy of ethanedinitrile, a potential alternative fumigant to methyl bromide, to disinfest New Zealand Pinus radiata export logs

Najar-Rodríguez, Adriana J.; Afsar, Saeedeh; Esfandi, Kambiz; Hall, Matthew; Adlam, A.R.; Wilks, Catherine; Noakes, Emma; Richards, Kate

doi:10.1016/j.jspr.2020.101671

Cited by 9 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This is because perfectly intact bark without physical damage was used. This is supported by several commercial‐scale studies showing that EDN is highly effective in controlling insects under the bark of logs 9,16 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…It was previously thought that under high moisture conditions, EDN would break down to HCN owing to its solubility in water, but this has since been disproved 48 . In addition, it is well known that EDN has a high rate of sorption compared with other fumigants, 10,18,29,30 but this is not due to the decomposition of the substance to HCN in the treated space, nor does it negatively affect the efficaciousness of EDN against insects and pests 9,10,13,14 . The link between sorption and penetration remains problematic because all penetration studies to date have been restricted to quantifying the concentrations in the gas phase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Key insect pests of quarantine concern are typically located within the bark–wood interface. The most abundant forest insects in New Zealand that are of interest to trading partners are the golden‐haired bark beetle [ Hylurgus ligniperda (F.)] and the black pine bark beetle [ Hylastes ater (Paykull)] 9,36 . These insects infest logs around the bark–wood interface because they feed primarily on the phloem and cambium layers 35,37,38 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,4,8 Ethanedinitrile (EDN) is a relatively new fumigant that has been confirmed as an efficacious alternative to MB for the treatment of forest products in international trade. 7,9,10 EDN is registered in Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, South Korea, Russia and the Czech Republic (under critical use permit), with approval progressing for several countries (T. Swaminathan, personal communication, 2022). Over the past 10 years, a significant amount of research has been conducted globally on the effectiveness of EDN on insects and pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the past 10 years, a significant amount of research has been conducted globally on the effectiveness of EDN on insects and pathogens. Key countries where considerable efforts have been undertaken to evaluate the efficaciousness of EDN for forest products include New Zealand, 9,11,12 South Korea, [13][14][15][16] Australia, [17][18][19] Czech Republic, [20][21][22] Canada, 10 USA [23][24][25] and Russia. 26,27 These studies have demonstrated that EDN can control many forest insects and pathogens at commercially viable concentrations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison between the penetration characteristics of methyl bromide and ethanedinitrile through the bark of pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) logs

Hall

Adlam

2023

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND Ethanedinitrile (EDN) is a fumigant being commercialized worldwide as an alternative phytosanitary treatment to methyl bromide (MB) for forest products. The penetration characteristics of MB and EDN were measured through the bark of wooden blocks (100 × 100 × 50 mm) cut from the upper (average bark thickness 5 ± 2 mm) and lower (average bark thickness 25 ± 5 mm) trunk of recently felled pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) trees. Doses of 48 g m−3 MB and 50 g m−3 EDN were applied to chambers at 10 and 20°C for 10 h. RESULTS Penetration of MB was influenced by the interaction between fumigation time and temperature, with concentrations increasing at a higher rate at 20°C compared with at 10°C. After 10 h, an average concentration of 8.05 ± 0.89 g m−3 had penetrated the bark of log sections at 20°C, whereas 5.20 ± 0.89 g m−3 was measured at 10°C. By contrast, the factors examined in this study did not significantly impact the penetration of EDN. Concentration × time (CT) values for MB under the bark were 35.20 ± 2.30 g h m−3 at 10°C and 55.85 ± 9.58 g h m−3 at 20°C; whereas for EDN, CT values were 19.50 ± 6.80 g h m−3 at 10°C and 19.08 ± 4.10 g h m−3 at 20°C. CONCLUSION MB can achieve a higher concentration under the bark of log sections during simulated fumigations, but all of the factors examined affected the ability of MB to penetrate the bark of wooden blocks. By comparison, the penetration of EDN through the bark is more consistent than MB under laboratory conditions. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%