Laboratory Techniques

Piperno, Dolores R.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-557175-3.50009-x

Cited by 2 publications

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“…The basic phytolith forms (i.e., silicified tissues) identified by Piperno (1985Piperno ( , 1988) also were found in this assemblage, including epidermis cells, hair-base cells, hair cells, stomata, mesophyll cells, sclerenchyma cells, and vascular tissue. The forms identified and discussed herein are based on these previous descriptions, with added distinctions as appropriate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Phytolith analysis was first used in archaeology in the early 1970s and came of age in the 1980s in New World archaeology (Rovner, 1971 ;Piperno, 1988;Pearsall, 1989). Phytolith analysts working in other parts of the world have contributed important but often isolated studies of specific families or issues (e.g., Fujiwara et al, 1985;Rosen, 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Piperno (1988) showed that size and form differences often distinguish phytoliths from different plant parts, and these can have taxonomic and economic significance. Standard phytolith extraction techniques (wet ashing), as described by Piperno (1 988) and Kealhofer (1 996b), were followed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, we have begun to build a comparative phytolith collection for Southeast Asian flora. Much of the phytolith work to date focuses on the reconstruction of prehistoric agricultural systems; however, phytolith studies are becoming increasingly important for issues in geology, paleoecology, and paleontology (Piperno, 1988;Piperno and Ciochon, 1990;Piperno and Pearsall, 1994;Kamanina, 1997;Madella, 1997;Pinilla et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The species analyzed were chosen on the basis of three criteria: (1) known phytolith production in related genera or families from other regions of the world (Piperno, 1988); (2) known economic uses (Yen, 1982;Jacquat, 1990;Harlan, 1992); and (3) the species' specificity of habitat, and therefore its potential as an environmental indicator (Craib, 1912(Craib, , 1913Ogawa et al, 196 1 ;Smitinand, 1968;Kiichler and Sawyer, 1967;Stott, 1986;Maloney, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Opal phytoliths in Southeast Asian flora

Kealhofer¹,

Piperno²

1998

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A B S T R A C TKealhofer, Lisa, and Dolores R. Piperno. Opal Phytoliths in Southeast Asian Flora. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 88,39 pages, 49 figures, 5 tables. 1998.-One of the major uses of phytolith analysis is the reconstruction of regional environmental histories. As a relatively new subset of paleoecology, reference collections and studies of phytolith distributions and morphology are still relatively few. This article summarizes a study of phytolith form and distribution across a broad spectrum of 77 families of both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. A total of 800 samples from different plant parts of 377 species were analyzed, with diagnostic phytoliths occurring in nine monocotyledon and 26 dicotyledon families. These diagnostic types are described and illustrated herein. Poaceae phytoliths were not included in this review because they warrant more detailed and systematic description. The wide distribution of diagnostic phytoliths across all basic habitats described for Thailand, demonstrated herein, indicates that phytolith analysis has great potential for paleoecological reconstruction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Opal phytoliths in Southeast Asian flora

Kealhofer¹,

Piperno²

1998

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The ratio of germanium to silicon in plant phytoliths: quantification of biological discrimination under controlled experimental conditions

et al. 2007

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Slight differences in the chemical behavior of germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si) during soil weathering enable Ge/Si ratios to be used as a tracer of Si pathways. Mineral weathering and biogenic silicon cycling are the primary modifiers of Ge/Si ratios, but knowledge of the biogenic cycling component is based on relatively few studies. We conducted two sets of greenhouse experiments in order to better quantify the range and variability in Ge discrimination by plants. Graminoid species commonly found in North American grassland systems, Agropyron smithii, Schizachyrium scoparium, and Andropogon gerardii were grown under controlled hydroponic environmental conditions. Silicon leaf contents were positively correlated with solution Si and ambient temperature but not with nutrient solution pH, electrical conductivity, or species. The Ge/Si ratio incorporated into phytoliths shows a distribution coefficient [(Ge/Si) phytolith /(Ge/Si) solution ] of about 0.2 and is remarkably invariant between species, photosynthetic pathway, and solution temperature. Ge seems to be discriminated against during the uptake and translocation of Si to the opal deposition sites by about a factor of five. In the second experiment, a wider range of graminoid species (Agropyron smithii, Bouteloua gracilis, Buchloe dactyloides, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Schizachyrium scoparium and Andropogon gerardii) were grown in two different soil mediums. Plant phytoliths showed a distribution factor of about 0.4 for field grown grasses, and 0.6 for potting soil grown grasses with no clear trends among the species. Evidence of the direction and degree of biological Ge discrimination during plant uptake provides a geochemical finger print for plants and improves the utility of Ge/Si ratios in studies of terrestrial weathering and links between Si cycles in terrestrial and marine systems.

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Laboratory Techniques

Cited by 2 publications

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Opal phytoliths in Southeast Asian flora

Opal phytoliths in Southeast Asian flora

The ratio of germanium to silicon in plant phytoliths: quantification of biological discrimination under controlled experimental conditions

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