Laboratory Study on Fluid‐Induced Fault Slip Behavior: The Role of Fluid Pressurization Rate

Wang, Lei; Kwiatek, Grzegorz; Rybacki, E.; Bonnelye, Audrey; Bohnhoff, Marco; Dresen, Georg

doi:10.1029/2019gl086627

Cited by 84 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…This limit is attained more quickly for larger

{\overset{P}{true}}_{\infty}

. For

{\overset{P}{true}}_{\infty} = 1 0^{- 2}

, representative of the experiment of French et al (2016) and similar to that of Wang et al (2020) and the simulation of Almakari et al (2019), and

\overset{c}{true} = 10

it occurs about 30 % beyond the end of the experiment (

T = 60

). For

{\overset{P}{true}}_{\infty}

within the range of 10 −4 to 10 −3 the interaction of RS effects and the increase of pore pressure is most significant.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…The motivation for this study is recent laboratory studies addressing the role of pressure rate in causing slip (Cappa et al, 2019;French et al, 2016;Noël et al, 2019;Passelégue et al, 2018;Scuderi et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2020). Three of these studies (French et al, 2016;Passelégue et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2020) suggest that the pressure rate is more important than the pore pressure itself in failure. The spring-block model of Segall and Rice (1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Pressure Rate on Rate and State Frictional Slip

Rudnicki

Zhan

2020

Geophysical Research Letters

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This paper analyzes the effects of pore pressure rate for a spring-block system that is a simple model of a laboratory experiment. Pore pressure is increased at a constant rate in a remote reservoir, and slip is governed by rate and state friction. The frequency of rapid slip events increases with the increase of a nondimensional pressure rate that is the ratio of the time scale of frictional sliding to that for pressure increase. As the pressure rate increases, the more rapid increase of pore pressure on the slip surface quickly stabilizes slip events due to rate and state friction. Rate and state and pressure rate effects interact in a limited range of pressure rate and diffusivity. This range includes pressure rates and diffusivities representative of recent laboratory experiments. Plain Language Summary Recent field observations have identified fluid injection as an important factor in causing the dramatic increase of earthquakes in the central United States, and recent laboratory experiments have observed effects of fluid pressure rate on frictional sliding. This paper studies a simple model of a laboratory experiment: a block resting on a frictional surface and pulled by a spring. The frictional resistance to sliding depends on the rate and history of sliding. Fluid pressure is increased at a constant rate at a distance remote from the surface. The paper calculates the types and characteristics of rapid slip events and their dependence on the pressure rate and how fast fluid can diffuse from the reservoir to the frictional surface.

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“…This limit is attained more quickly for larger

{\overset{P}{true}}_{\infty}

. For

{\overset{P}{true}}_{\infty} = 1 0^{- 2}

, representative of the experiment of French et al (2016) and similar to that of Wang et al (2020) and the simulation of Almakari et al (2019), and

\overset{c}{true} = 10

it occurs about 30 % beyond the end of the experiment (

T = 60

). For

{\overset{P}{true}}_{\infty}

within the range of 10 −4 to 10 −3 the interaction of RS effects and the increase of pore pressure is most significant.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Pressure Rate on Rate and State Frictional Slip

Rudnicki

Zhan

2020

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…Ultrasonic signals were stored in a 16-channel transient recording system with an amplitude resolution of 16 bit at a sampling rate of 10 MHz, corresponding to ± 0.1 μs uncertainty for P-wave and S-wave arrival times. The arrival time of ultrasonic waveform was picked using a series of picking algorithms including the Akaike information criterion (Wang et al 2020b). Net travel time through the samples was determined by means of correcting the arrival time for delay in the brass housing or in the loading plates.…”

Section: Ultrasonic Wave Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Afterwards, pore pressure was kept constant at 2 MPa during the entire deformation of sample at the imposed pressurization rate of 1 MPa/min. Based on the sample initial permeability (κ ≈10 -12 m 2 ), the sample length (L = 100 mm), water viscosity (η ≈ 10 -3 Pa s) and bulk compressibility of water (C f ≈ 0.5 GPa −1 ), the characteristic diffusion time t c for fluid to equilibrate after perturbations across the sample may be computed by t c = L 2 ηC f /κ (Mavko et al 2009;Wang et al 2020b). The estimated diffusion time t c < 5 × 10 -3 s, far shorter than the experimental duration, indicates that the fluid pressure within the sample equilibrates rapidly, and thus the complete drained condition is met.…”

Section: Mechanical Compression Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigation on Static and Dynamic Bulk Moduli of Dry and Fluid-Saturated Porous Sandstones

et al. 2020

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Knowledge of pressure-dependent static and dynamic moduli of porous reservoir rocks is of key importance for evaluating geological setting of a reservoir in geo-energy applications. We examined experimentally the evolution of static and dynamic bulk moduli for porous Bentheim sandstone with increasing confining pressure up to about 190 MPa under dry and water-saturated conditions. The static bulk moduli (Ks) were estimated from stress–volumetric strain curves while dynamic bulk moduli (Kd) were derived from the changes in ultrasonic P- and S- wave velocities (~ 1 MHz) along different traces, which were monitored simultaneously during the entire deformation. In conjunction with published data of other porous sandstones (Berea, Navajo and Weber sandstones), our results reveal that the ratio between dynamic and static bulk moduli (Kd/Ks) reduces rapidly from about 1.5 − 2.0 at ambient pressure to about 1.1 at high pressure under dry conditions and from about 2.0 − 4.0 to about 1.5 under water-saturated conditions, respectively. We interpret such a pressure-dependent reduction by closure of narrow (compliant) cracks, highlighting that Kd/Ks is positively correlated with the amount of narrow cracks. Above the crack closure pressure, where equant (stiff) pores dominate the void space, Kd/Ks is almost constant. The enhanced difference between dynamic and static bulk moduli under water saturation compared to dry conditions is possibly caused by high pore pressure that is locally maintained if measured using high-frequency ultrasonic wave velocities. In our experiments, the pressure dependence of dynamic bulk modulus of water-saturated Bentheim sandstone at effective pressures above 5 MPa can be roughly predicted by both the effective medium theory (Mori–Tanaka scheme) and the squirt-flow model. Static bulk moduli are found to be more sensitive to narrow cracks than dynamic bulk moduli for porous sandstones under dry and water-saturated conditions.

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“…However, most of these experiments have used saw cut smooth fractures, and the fracture slip was not produced by fluid injection but through elevating the differential or shear stress. A few injection‐induced shear experiments have been conducted on saw cut granite or sandstone fractures for investigating the effect of various injection scenarios on fault reactivation (Noël et al, 2019; Passelegue et al, 2018; Wang et al, 2020); however, none of these experiments have discussed the spatiotemporal evolution of fracture slip and seismicity. In addition, several laboratory studies have discussed the role of rate‐and‐state friction parameters in fault stability by fluid injection, without addressing AE activities (Scuderi et al, 2017; Scuderi & Collettini, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous Fracture Slip and Aseismic‐Seismic Transition in a Triaxial Injection Test

Yan

Ghassemi

2020

Geophysical Research Letters

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Fault/fracture slip and seismicity caused by fluid injection are of major interest to subsurface science and engineering. However, some fundamental aspects of the temporal and spatial evolutions of induced seismicity remain unresolved. In this paper, we present the results of a laboratory injection‐induced shear test conducted on a rough granite fracture with concurrent acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. The results demonstrate a sequence of aseismic‐seismic‐aseismic fracture motion during fluid injection. It is observed that the temporal evolution of AE/microseismic activities was accompanied by the changes of slip velocity, stress drop, and friction coefficient. The seismic slip phase consists of three subphases, namely, a first quasi‐static slip, a dynamic slip, and a second quasi‐static slip. The dynamic slip occurred with an AE mainshock, simulating earthquake instability triggered by injection in deep crystalline rocks. In addition, slip heterogeneity controlled by the fracture surface roughness is directly evidenced by the spatially heterogeneous distribution of AE hypocenters and fracture surface topography.

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Laboratory Study on Fluid‐Induced Fault Slip Behavior: The Role of Fluid Pressurization Rate

Cited by 84 publications

References 61 publications

Effect of Pressure Rate on Rate and State Frictional Slip

Effect of Pressure Rate on Rate and State Frictional Slip

Experimental Investigation on Static and Dynamic Bulk Moduli of Dry and Fluid-Saturated Porous Sandstones

Heterogeneous Fracture Slip and Aseismic‐Seismic Transition in a Triaxial Injection Test

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