Laboratory Studies on the Formation of Three C2H4O Isomers—Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), Ethylene Oxide (c‐C2H4O), and Vinyl Alcohol (CH2CHOH)—in Interstellar and Cometary Ices

Bennett, Chris J.; Osamura, Yoshihiro; Lebar, Matthew D.; Kaiser, Ralf I.

doi:10.1086/452618

Cited by 93 publications

(118 citation statements)

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“…Previous combustion studies have suggested that the reaction of ethene with OH was a primary source of ethenol in many hydrocarbon flames, and the OH attack on the C=C double bond along with the addition of alkyl radicals to ethenol might lead to the formation of large enols ( Taatjes et al 2005( Taatjes et al , 2006. Experimental results of interstellar chemistry suggested that ethenol could be formed in the solid phase on irradiation of H 2 O-C 2 H 2 ices with 0.8 MeV protons and 10.2 eV photons via H and OH additions to acetylene (Hudson & Moore 2003), as well as in extraterrestrial ices via insertion of suprathermal oxygen atoms into a carbon-hydrogen bond of ethene ( Bennett et al 2005). In plasma discharges, the aforementioned formation routes of enols can remain effective because alkenes, OH radicals, and atomic O are generated in discharge processes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interstellar Enols Are Formed in Plasma Discharges of Alcohols

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2008

ApJ

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Laboratory low-pressure cold plasma discharges, which are used to simulate some hot core environments in the star-forming region, have been investigated by employing single-photon vacuum ultraviolet ( VUV) photoionization mass spectrometry. Enols with two to four carbon atoms were detected in plasma discharges of alcohols, indicating that enols can result from alcohol destruction induced by ultraviolet and cosmic radiation and accelerated electrons that are abundant in the interstellar medium. This observation, together with the detection of ethenol toward Sgr B2, suggests that larger enols, such as propenols and butenols, should be in the search list of potential molecular species to be identified in interstellar space. The laboratory experiment presented here shows that VUV photoionization sampling of plasma discharges is a valuable method for guiding the search for new interstellar molecules and helping to understand the transformation mechanism of molecular species of astrochemical significance.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interstellar Enols Are Formed in Plasma Discharges of Alcohols

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2008

ApJ

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“…The infrared spectra can also be exploited to identify functional groups such as those related to complex organic molecules (COMs) like carbonyl groups associated with aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids (Socrates 2004). However, different molecules with the same functional groups will have similar vibrational frequencies differing by a few 10 cm −1 causing overlap in the infrared spectra observed; this limits the identification of individual molecules (Bennett et al 2005b;Zhou et al 2008). Due to these restrictions, FTIR aids in identifying small molecules and new functional groups of organics formed within the astrophysical ice analogs, but FTIR cannot always identify specific molecules of interest; therefore, the exclusive assignment of a single molecule to infrared bands in an unknown mixture of molecules is not advisable as many vibrational frequencies may overlap.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COMPLEX HYDROCARBON CHEMISTRY IN INTERSTELLAR AND SOLAR SYSTEM ICES REVEALED: A COMBINED INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND REFLECTRON TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF ETHANE (C₂H₆) AND D6-ETHANE (C₂D₆) ICES EXPOSED TO IONIZING RADIATION

Abplanalp

Kaiser

2016

ApJ

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The irradiation of pure ethane (C 2 H 6 /C 2 D 6 ) ices at 5.5 K, under ultrahigh vacuum conditions was conducted to investigate the formation of complex hydrocarbons via interaction with energetic electrons simulating the secondary electrons produced in the track of galactic cosmic rays. The chemical modifications of the ices were monitored in situ using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and during temperature-programmed desorption via mass spectrometry exploiting a quadrupole mass spectrometer with electron impact ionization (EI-QMS) as well as a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer coupled to a photoionization source (PI-ReTOF-MS). FTIR confirmed previous ethane studies by detecting six molecules: methane (CH 4 ), acetylene (C 2 H 2 ), ethylene (C 2 H 4 ), the ethyl radical (C 2 H 5 ), 1-butene (C 4 H 8 ), and n-butane (C 4 H 10 ). However, the TPD phase, along with EI-QMS, and most importantly, PI-ReTOF-MS, revealed the formation of at least 23 hydrocarbons, many for the first time in ethane ice, which can be arranged in four groups with an increasing carbon-to-hydrogen ratio: C n H 2n+2 (n = 3, 4, 6, 8, 10), C n H 2n (n = 3-10),2 2 (n = 3-10), andn n 2 4 (n = 4-6). The processing of simple ethane ices is relevant to the hydrocarbon chemistry in the interstellar medium, as ethane has been shown to be a major product of methane, as well as in the outer solar system. These data reveal that the processing of ethane ices can synthesize several key hydrocarbons such as C 3 H 4 and C 4 H 6 isomers, which have been found to synthesize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons like indene (C 9 H 8 ) and naphthalene (C 10 H 8 ) in the ISM and in hydrocarbon-rich atmospheres of planets and their moons such as Titan.

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“…We do not attempt to include the high-energy mechanisms of Bennett et al (2005) since neither code is equipped to model these processes effectively. In Sect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethylene oxide and acetaldehyde in hot cores

Occhiogrosso

Vasyunin

Herbst

et al. 2014

A&A

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Context. Ethylene oxide (c-C 2 H 4 O), and its isomer acetaldehyde (CH 3 CHO), are important complex organic molecules because of their potential role in the formation of amino acids. The discovery of ethylene oxide in hot cores suggests the presence of ring-shaped molecules with more than 3 carbon atoms such as furan (c-C 4 H 4 O), to which ribose, the sugar found in DNA, is closely related. Aims. Despite the fact that acetaldehyde is ubiquitous in the interstellar medium, ethylene oxide has not yet been detected in cold sources. We aim to understand the chemistry of the formation and loss of ethylene oxide in hot and cold interstellar objects (i) by including in a revised gas-grain network some recent experimental results on grain surfaces and (ii) by comparison with the chemical behaviour of its isomer, acetaldehyde. Methods. We introduce a complete chemical network for ethylene oxide using a revised gas-grain chemical model. We test the code for the case of a hot core. The model allows us to predict the gaseous and solid ethylene oxide abundances during a cooling-down phase prior to star formation and during the subsequent warm-up phase. We can therefore predict at what temperatures ethylene oxide forms on grain surfaces and at what temperature it starts to desorb into the gas phase. Results. The model reproduces the observed gaseous abundances of ethylene oxide and acetaldehyde towards high-mass star-forming regions. In addition, our results show that ethylene oxide may be present in outer and cooler regions of hot cores where its isomer has already been detected. Our new results are compared with previous results, which focused on the formation of ethylene oxide only. Conclusions. Despite their different chemical structures, the chemistry of ethylene oxide is coupled to that of acetaldehyde, suggesting that acetaldehyde may be used as a tracer for ethylene oxide towards cold cores.

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Laboratory Studies on the Formation of Three C₂H₄O Isomers—Acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO), Ethylene Oxide (c‐C₂H₄O), and Vinyl Alcohol (CH₂CHOH)—in Interstellar and Cometary Ices

Cited by 93 publications

References 91 publications

Interstellar Enols Are Formed in Plasma Discharges of Alcohols

Interstellar Enols Are Formed in Plasma Discharges of Alcohols

COMPLEX HYDROCARBON CHEMISTRY IN INTERSTELLAR AND SOLAR SYSTEM ICES REVEALED: A COMBINED INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND REFLECTRON TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF ETHANE (C₂H₆) AND D6-ETHANE (C₂D₆) ICES EXPOSED TO IONIZING RADIATION

Ethylene oxide and acetaldehyde in hot cores

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Laboratory Studies on the Formation of Three C2H4O Isomers—Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), Ethylene Oxide (c‐C2H4O), and Vinyl Alcohol (CH2CHOH)—in Interstellar and Cometary Ices

Cited by 93 publications

References 91 publications

Interstellar Enols Are Formed in Plasma Discharges of Alcohols

Interstellar Enols Are Formed in Plasma Discharges of Alcohols

COMPLEX HYDROCARBON CHEMISTRY IN INTERSTELLAR AND SOLAR SYSTEM ICES REVEALED: A COMBINED INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND REFLECTRON TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF ETHANE (C2H6) AND D6-ETHANE (C2D6) ICES EXPOSED TO IONIZING RADIATION

Ethylene oxide and acetaldehyde in hot cores

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Laboratory Studies on the Formation of Three C₂H₄O Isomers—Acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO), Ethylene Oxide (c‐C₂H₄O), and Vinyl Alcohol (CH₂CHOH)—in Interstellar and Cometary Ices

COMPLEX HYDROCARBON CHEMISTRY IN INTERSTELLAR AND SOLAR SYSTEM ICES REVEALED: A COMBINED INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND REFLECTRON TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF ETHANE (C₂H₆) AND D6-ETHANE (C₂D₆) ICES EXPOSED TO IONIZING RADIATION