Laboratory Nontarget Host Range of the Introduced Parasitoids Microctonus aethiopoides and M. hyperodae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Compared with Field Parasitism in New Zealand

Barratt, B. I. P.; Evans, Adrian; Ferguson, C. M.; Barker, G. M.; McNeill, M.R.; Phillips, C.B.

doi:10.1093/ee/26.3.694

Cited by 109 publications

(99 citation statements)

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“…Concerns have been repeatedly expressed about the impact of introduced biological control agents on the native fauna (see Barratt et al 1997). In this study, an introduced Australian parasitoid has been shown to have broadened its host range to include two tortricids (albeit pest species) endemic to New Zealand.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

The bethyline species (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae: Bethylinae) imported into New Zealand for biological control of pest leafrollers

Berry

1998

New Zealand Journal of Zoology

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Two introductions of bethyline bethylids have been made into New Zealand from Australia for the biological control of pest leafrollers. On both occasions the agent introduced was identified as "Goniozus sp." Examination of the voucher specimens of the second introduction (1967 to 1969) shows that three species in three bethyline genera were introduced, not one species of Goniozus as reported. An attempt is made to resolve which bethyline species were introduced into New Zealand and which have established. A simple means of distinguishing the three genera involved using wing venation characters is provided.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

The bethyline species (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae: Bethylinae) imported into New Zealand for biological control of pest leafrollers

Berry

1998

New Zealand Journal of Zoology

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“…Most of the known non-target attacks upon native insects are attributable to introduced parasitoids, which leave more distinctive evidence than do predators (Funasaki et al, 1988;Barratt et al, 1997). vVhile a lack of taxonomic knowledge of most parasitoid groups hinders the resolution of the data (Memmott, 1999), we do know that scores of introduced parasitoid species attack native insects (Hawkins and Marino, 1997).…”

Section: Parasitoids and General Predatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food webs, risks of alien enemies and reform of biological control.

Strong¹,

Pemberton²

2000

Evaluating Indirect Ecological Effects of Biological Control. Key Papers From the Symposium 'Indirect Ecological Effects in Bio

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As ilwasions of alien species mount, biological control ''''ill become an increasingly important tool of conservation and agriculture. In an effort to understand indirect interactions in biological control, we review food web ecology in terms of resource competition, trophic cascades, intra-guild predation, apparent competition, omnivory and a diverse set of tri-trophic interactions. The most inclusive study suggests that food webs in biological control are simpler than in natural communities. Risks to non-target species created by biological control have been studied seriously for only about 20 years, and knowledge of these risks is incomplete. The greatest risks are known to be posed by the organisms with the broadest diets, such as vertebrates and the snail Euglandina rosea, which has probably caused the extinction of an entire genus of native snails in Polynesia. Some parasitoid species have been introduced that are sufficiently polyphagous to attack native insects, and cases of serious harm to non-target populations are now coming to light. However, polyphagous organisms continue to be imported for biological control. One case in point is the campaign against the Russian wheat aphid, in which over 8.5 million individual invertebrates, including more than 1 million individuals of 12 species of ladybird beetles new to North America, were released over the past 15 years, with little study of potential non-target effects, direct or indirect. Another case is the new use of the polyphagous black carp for suppression of pest snails in industrial catfish ponds. This fish poses great risks to the high native diversity of molluscs in the Mississippi drainage. We argue that risk to native flora in

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“…Adverse effects (Howarth 1991;Simberloff and Stiling 1996a, b;Barratt et al 1997;Boettner et al 2000;Louda 2000;Henneman and Memmott 2001) deriving from a lack of host specificity (Louda et al 2003) have not been evaluated in comparison to the benefits of pest reduction. Non-target impacts can be avoided by careful host-specificity testing (Greathead 1995;McFadyen 1998;Thomas and Willis 1998;Strong and Pemberton 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host specificity of Sacculina carcini, a potential biological control agent of the introduced European green crab Carcinus maenas in California

et al. 2005

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The European green crab, Carcinus maenas, is an introduced marine predator established on the west coast of North America. We conducted laboratory experiments on the host specificity of a natural enemy of the green crab, the parasitic barnacle Sacculina carcini, to provide information on the safety of its use as a possible biological control agent. Four species of non-target, native California crabs (Hemigrapsus oregonensis, H. nudus, Pachygrapsus crassipes and Cancer magister) were exposed to infective larvae of S. carcini. Settlement by S. carcini on the four native species ranged from 33 to 53%, compared to 79% for green crabs. Overall, cyprid larvae tended to settle in higher numbers on individual green crabs than on either C. magister or H. oregonensis. However, for C. magister this difference was significant for soft-shelled, but not hard-shelled individuals. Up to 29% of the native crabs arrested early infections by melanizing the rootlets of the parasite. Most native and green crabs settled on by S. carcini became infected, especially when settled on by >3 cyprids. Infected green crabs died at more than twice the rate of uninfected green crabs. In contrast to green crabs, all infected native crabs died without producing an externa (reproductive sac). At high settlement intensities, infected native crabs frequently exhibited neurological symptoms (twitching, loss of movement) before death. These results indicate that use of S. carcini as a biological control agent could result in the death of native crabs. The magnitude of this effect would be proportional to the density of infected green crabs in the environment and the probability that cyprids would contact native crabs in the wild. Potential benefits of biological control should be assessed in relation to these potential non-target effects.

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Laboratory Nontarget Host Range of the Introduced Parasitoids Microctonus aethiopoides and M. hyperodae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Compared with Field Parasitism in New Zealand

Cited by 109 publications

References 0 publications

The bethyline species (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae: Bethylinae) imported into New Zealand for biological control of pest leafrollers

The bethyline species (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae: Bethylinae) imported into New Zealand for biological control of pest leafrollers

Food webs, risks of alien enemies and reform of biological control.

Host specificity of Sacculina carcini, a potential biological control agent of the introduced European green crab Carcinus maenas in California

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