Laboratory Methods for Studying Percutaneous Absorption and the Chemical Effects of Topical Agents Upon Human Skin*

Flesch, Peter; Satanove, Abraham; Brown, Crawford S.

doi:10.1038/jid.1955.133

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The absorption of 5% Sodium Salicylate from five different vehicles was determined in vitro using seven samples of human leg and/or breast skin (Flesch, Satanove, and Brown 1955). No penetration was observed with a petrolatum, carbowax, lanolin, Plastibase R , or Hydrophlic Plastibase R (Squibb) vehicle after 24 h of incubation.…”

Section: Sodium Salicylate-in Vitro Human Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In vitro, penetration of Salicylic Acid through human leg and breast skin was greatest from a lanolin, Plastibase R , and Hydrophilic Plastibase R (Squibb) vehicle, moderate from a carbowax base, and minimal from petrolatum (Flesch, Satanove, and Brown 1955).…”

Section: Salicylic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In an in vitro study, a negative corium spot test was obtained with vitamin A alone after 24 h (Flesch, Satanove, and Brown 1955). However, with the addition of 10% Salicylic Acid, the test was positive after 3 h of incubation.…”

Section: Penetration Enhancement Salicylic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The absorption of 5% Salicylic Acid from five different vehicles was determined in vitro using seven samples of human leg and/or breast skin (Flesch, Satanove, and Brown 1955). Positive spot tests in the corium were observed after 2 to 4 h. Penetration was greatest with lanolin, Plastibase R , or Hydrophilic Plastibase (Squibb) vehicle, was moderate from a carbowax vehicle, and was very slight from a petrolatum base.…”

Section: Salicylic Acid-in Vitro Human Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Safety Assessment of Salicylic Acid, Butyloctyl Salicylate, Calcium Salicylate, C12–15 Alkyl Salicylate, Capryloyl Salicylic Acid, Hexyldodecyl Salicylate, Isocetyl Salicylate, Isodecyl Salicylate, Magnesium Salicylate, MEA-Salicylate, Ethylhexyl Salicylate, Potassium Salicylate, Methyl Salicylate, Myristyl Salicylate, Sodium Salicylate, TEA-Salicylate, and Tridecyl Salicylate

2003

Int J Toxicol

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Salicylic Acid is an aromatic acid used in cosmetic formulations as a denaturant, hair-conditioning agent, and skin-conditioning agent--miscellaneous in a wide range of cosmetic products at concentrations ranging from 0.0008% to 3%. The Calcium, Magnesium, and MEA salts are preservatives, and Potassium Salicylate is a cosmetic biocide and preservative, not currently in use. Sodium Salicylate is used as a denaturant and preservative (0.09% to 2%). The TEA salt of Salicylic Acid is used as an ultraviolet (UV) light absorber (0.0001% to 0.75%). Several Salicylic Acid esters are used as skin conditioning agents--miscellaneous (Capryloyl, 0.1% to 1%; C12-15 Alkyl, no current use; Isocetyl, 3% to 5%; Isodecyl, no current use; and Tridecyl, no current use). Butyloctyl Salicylate (0.5% to 5%) and Hexyldodecyl Salicylate (no current use) are hair-conditioning agents and skin-conditioning agents--miscellaneous. Ethylhexyl Salicylate (formerly known as Octyl Salicylate) is used as a fragrance ingredient, sunscreen agent, and UV light absorber (0.001% to 8%), and Methyl Salicylate is used as a denaturant and flavoring agent (0.0001% to 0.6%). Myristyl Salicylate has no reported function. Isodecyl Salicylate is used in three formulations, but no concentration of use information was reported. Salicylates are absorbed percutaneously. Around 10% of applied salicylates can remain in the skin. Salicylic Acid is reported to enhance percutaneous penetration of some agents (e.g., vitamin A), but not others (e.g., hydrocortisone). Little acute toxicity (LD(50) in rats; >2 g/kg) via a dermal exposure route is seen for Salicylic Acid, Methyl Salicylate, Tridecyl Salicylate, and Butyloctyl Salicylate. Short-term oral, inhalation, and parenteral exposures to salicylates sufficient to produce high blood concentrations are associated primarily with liver and kidney damage. Subchronic dermal exposures to undiluted Methyl Salicylate were associated with kidney damage. Chronic oral exposure to Methyl Salicylate produced bone lesions as a function of the level of exposure in 2-year rat studies; liver damage was seen in dogs exposed to 0.15 g/kg/day in one study; kidney and liver weight increases in another study at the same exposure; but no liver or kidney abnormalities in a study at 0.167 g/kg/day. Applications of Isodecyl, Tridecyl, and Butyloctyl Salicylate were not irritating to rabbit skin, whereas undiluted Ethylhexyl Salicylate produced minimal to mild irritation. Methyl Salicylate at a 1% concentration with a 70% ethanol vehicle were irritating, whereas a 6% concentration in polyethylene glycol produced little or no irritation. Isodecyl Salicylate, Methyl Salicylate, Ethylhexyl (Octyl) Salicylate, Tridecyl Salicylate, and Butyloctyl Salicylate were not ocular irritants. Although Salicylic Acid at a concentration of 20% in acetone was positive in the local lymph node assay, a concentration of 20% in acetone/olive oil was not. Methyl Salicylate was negative at concentrations up to 25% in this assay, independent of vehicle. Maximization te...

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Section: Sodium Salicylate-in Vitro Human Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Salicylic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Penetration Enhancement Salicylic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Salicylic Acid-in Vitro Human Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Safety Assessment of Salicylic Acid, Butyloctyl Salicylate, Calcium Salicylate, C12–15 Alkyl Salicylate, Capryloyl Salicylic Acid, Hexyldodecyl Salicylate, Isocetyl Salicylate, Isodecyl Salicylate, Magnesium Salicylate, MEA-Salicylate, Ethylhexyl Salicylate, Potassium Salicylate, Methyl Salicylate, Myristyl Salicylate, Sodium Salicylate, TEA-Salicylate, and Tridecyl Salicylate

2003

Int J Toxicol

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“…The presence of carotenoids (polyenes) in living systems and in plants is well recognized. Some carotenoid pigments are present in cone layers of eyes (Popper & Greenberg, 1941), in olfactory areas (Milas et al, 1939;Briggs & Duncan, 1961;Moulton, 1962), in skin and in membranes (Edwards et al, 1951;Flesch et al, 1955) of animals. Indeed, the presence of carotenoids in chloroplasts strongly suggests their involvement in photosynthesis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge-transfer complexes of some linear conjugated polyenes

Mallik¹,

Jain²,

Misra³

1980

Biochemical Journal

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On adsorption of some electron-acceptor molecules on the solid films of all-trans-beta-carotene, beta-apo-8'-carotenal, astacene and methylbixin a new absorption band appears on the longer-wavelength side of the spectrum in addition to the original bands. The position of this new band is dependent on the electron affinity (EA) of the acceptor molecules, and the intensity of this band increases with the amount of adsorbed acceptor molecules. A linear relationship between the vmax. of the new band and EA was observed. The value of the ionization potential of the polyenes estimated from such linear relationship agrees satisfactorily with the value obtained by other methods. It has been concluded that the polyenes behave as electron donor and first form molecular charge-transfer complexes (of type [polyene . I2] with iodine) with electron acceptors, these finally dissociating to yield ionic complexes (of type [polyene . I+] with iodine).

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Comparative Tissue Absorption of Oral ¹⁴C‐Aspirin and Topical Triethanolamine ¹⁴C‐Salicylate in Human and Canine Knee Joints

Rabinowitz

Feldman

Weinberger

et al. 1982

The Journal of Clinical Pharma

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The local, articular, and systemic absorption of oral and topical salicylates was studied in dogs and humans using radioisotope techniques. Topical triethanolamine 14C-salicylate was found capable of percutaneous absorption into the knee joint and surrounding tissues. In dogs, topical salicylate application resulted in higher salicylate concentrations than oral aspirin in a number of tissues, despite lower blood levels. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, intraarticular 14C-salicylate levels after triethanolamine 14C-salicylate cream were 60 per cent of those obtained with oral aspirin. Four of six patients reported equal improvement in local discomfort after oral and topical salicylates. A potential role for topical salicylate cream in the treatment of localized rheumatic disorders is suggested.

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Laboratory Methods for Studying Percutaneous Absorption and the Chemical Effects of Topical Agents Upon Human Skin*

Cited by 14 publications

References 6 publications

Charge-transfer complexes of some linear conjugated polyenes

Comparative Tissue Absorption of Oral ¹⁴C‐Aspirin and Topical Triethanolamine ¹⁴C‐Salicylate in Human and Canine Knee Joints

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Laboratory Methods for Studying Percutaneous Absorption and the Chemical Effects of Topical Agents Upon Human Skin*

Cited by 14 publications

References 6 publications

Charge-transfer complexes of some linear conjugated polyenes

Comparative Tissue Absorption of Oral 14C‐Aspirin and Topical Triethanolamine 14C‐Salicylate in Human and Canine Knee Joints

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Comparative Tissue Absorption of Oral ¹⁴C‐Aspirin and Topical Triethanolamine ¹⁴C‐Salicylate in Human and Canine Knee Joints