Laboratory Investigations of the Bending Rheology of Floating Saline Ice and Physical Mechanisms of Wave Damping in the HSVA Hamburg Ship Model Basin Ice Tank

Abstract

An experimental investigation of flexural-gravity waves was performed in the Hamburg Ship Model Basin HSVA ice tank. Physical characteristics of the water-ice system were measured in several locations of the tank with a few sensors deployed in the water and on the ice during the tests. The three-dimensional motion of ice was measured with the optical system Qualisys; water pressure was measured by several pressure sensors mounted on the tank wall, in-plane deformations of the ice and the temperatures of the ice and water were measured by fiber optic sensors; and acoustic emissions were recorded with compressional crystal sensors. The experimental setup and selected results of the tests are discussed in this paper. Viscous-elastic model (Burgers material) is adopted to describe the dispersion and attenuation of waves propagating below the ice. The elastic modulus and the coefficient of viscosity are calculated using the experimental data. The results of the measurements demonstrated the dependence of wave characteristics from the variability of ice properties during the experiment caused by the brine drainage. We showed that the cyclic motion of the ice along the tank, imitating ice drift, and the generation of under ice turbulence cause an increase of wave damping. Recorded acoustic emissions demonstrated cyclic microcracking occurring with wave frequencies and accompanying bending deformations of the ice. This explains the viscous and anelastic rheology of the model ice.

OpenMetBuoy-v2021: An Easy-to-Build, Affordable, Customizable, Open-Source Instrument for Oceanographic Measurements of Drift and Waves in Sea Ice and the Open Ocean

“…Our inability to accurately capture climatological changes of sea ice in the polar seas has created renewed interest in the dynamic interaction between sea ice and waves. This has resulted in the last few years in a number of studies that investigate the coupling between sea ice and the ocean through theoretical considerations [1][2][3][4][5][6][7], laboratory experiments [8][9][10][11][12], and field experiments [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Despite the advances that these studies bring, there is a growing consensus that further progress in the field can only be achieved through the collection of more observations of waves in ice.…”

“…Unfortunately, one faces a number of challenges in reproducing the complexity of wave-ice interaction either in experiments (due to, for example, scaling issues [9], and the diversity and realism of sea ice conditions that can be obtained in the laboratory compared with the field [12]), or in models (there, also, due to the complexity and multiscale properties of waves in ice and ice floe size distribution [36,37]). Arguably, the current state of the art in wave-ice interaction parametrization and modeling consists of a variety of (involved and mathematically advanced) models whose formulations are relatively loosely based on some specific archetypical sea ice conditions and the associated physical mechanisms, with a number of "tuning parameters" that are empirically fitted to experimental or laboratory data [38,39].…”

Hydroelastic Waves in a Frozen Channel with Non-Uniform Thickness of Ice

“…The model of linear elastic plate is still the main one, although viscoelastic and poroelastic models of the ice cover are also considered by many authors [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Nonlinear models, models that take into account ice compression and the presence of cracks in ice sheets, also have been actively developed [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23].…”

Note on the Application of Transient Wave Packets for Wave–Ice Interaction Experiments

“…Most of the studies deal with fundamental research questions such as damping and attenuation, wave characteristics and dispersion as well as the consequences for the ice under various different ice conditions. These studies are normally conducted with regular waves, as they can be used to answer specific research questions in a clearly defined manner [16][17][18][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. Those experiments comprise the generation of a set of regular waves to cover a wide frequency range, so that a long test campaign may affect the ice characteristics.…”